The Legal Structure of Business Environments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1664 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The legal structure a business chooses is vital to the way business operates. Decisions need to be made about how the tax is going to be paid, who will share out the profits and losses and what legal liabilities exist. A limited company exists as a legal entity in itself, separately from its owners or managers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Legal Structure of Business Environments" essay for you Create order Therefore, liability for debts is limited to the amount of issued share capital, whether the shares have been sold or not. The shareholders personal assets cannot be claimed for the payment of business debts to creditors. The creation of a limited company requires the lodging of various documents with the Registrar of Companies, which must include a Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. If all documentation is satisfactory, a certificate of incorporation is issued, bringing the company into existence as a legal entity. There are many advantages of public limited company like shares can be advertised and be sold through the stock exchange, much easier to borrow from banks compared to as smaller businesses, all shareholders have limited liability and bulk purchasing also makes a large difference when trying to lowest the costs. However there also are some disadvantages of a public limited company. Starting with a loss of overall ownership which creates overall lo ss of control of the business, decisions take longer to make and there may be a lot of disagreement, the personal touch may be lost, there are more statutory regulations to conform to, profits are shared amongst a far greater number of people, published accounts have to be prepared. Tesco is a public limited company (plc). A lot of big companies go public. As I have already mention in the advantages of being a PLC is because unlike a private limited, a public limited company is able to advertise the sale of shares and sell them to members of the general public though the stock exchange. Organizational structure refers to the way in which jobs are arranged within the organization in order to help the organization in meeting its targets. Typical organizational structures include hierarchal structures, strategic business units and simple structures; however, the type of organizational structure chosen will vary not only depending on the industry and the company, but the host coun try in which the company was founded. Tesco has a flat hierarchical structure with just six levels between checkout staff and chief executive. Tesco has chosen to pursue a strategic business unit (SBU) across all of its business areas in order to increase the degree of competitiveness within the individual market areas. The strategic foundation; size and scope of the operation; strategic thrust; the kinds of products or services sold and delivered; service quality and image; product/service brand identification and image; breadth of the product/service line; functions performed by the company; distribution outlets; customer market served; geographic market served; ownership; and financial targets. The strategic business unit organizational structure provides Tesco with flexibility to expand its operations in many different directions. It also allows the company to be successful internationally, as it can choose its market entry strategy to account for the needs of the new mark et, rather than simply copying the existing competitors or using the home country marketing. Tesco has been exceptionally successful at international business development, as is the market leader in five of its twelve international market areas (Tesco 2008). Corporate culture is one of the main determinants of success or failure in a business development practice, because it largely determines how flexible, accepting of change and innovative a company tends to be. Thus, Tescoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s corporate culture can be determined from its corporate responsibility statements, which describe its core values and core ideologies as well as some aspects of cultural artifacts. 2] Explain and analyse the various ways in which information and communication technology (ICT) affect aspects of the business done by large organisations. Illustrate your answer by referring to data from your case study organisation to show how ICT is essential for controlling and supporting business process. (20 marks) That seems to me a vital point. It is incontestable that the spread of computing power has reduced radically the costs for companies of collecting, analysing, retrieving and re-using information. The growth of voice and data communications means companies are increasingly able to share and spread this information at great speed, over large distances. So as computers become cheaper and more powerful, the business value of computers is limited less by computational capability and more by the ability of managers to invent new processes, procedures and organisational structures that leverage this capability. Just as electricity enabled development of the continuous production line processes, the decentralised availability of information through IT allows the reduction of hierarchical structures within firms and greater empowerment and capabilities for work teams and individual workers. The advent of technology has made it easier for people to communicate with each other, wheth er they operate in the political, economic, social or general business arena at a local, national or global level. The technology that has made communication easier takes the form of mobile phones, fax machines, video conferencing, the internet and the World Wide Web. Mobile phones have grown in popularity since the mid-1980s. Initially, mobile phones were (therefore visible) and expensive. Hence in the 1980s they were very much the necessary executive accessory. The first mobile phones were also heavy and cumbersome to carry around. The technology improved throughout the 19080s and 1990s and the size and styling of mobile phones improved to give small and slim model that slip easily into a jacket pocket or handbag. In line with improved technology and styling, the price of mobile phones fell and connection is possible for under $50. Video conferencing is becoming increasingly popular among businesses. Large companies such as British Petroleum (BP) have been using video confer encing since 1983 and have in house studios in global locations. Organisation and the application of technologyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. In addition to the communications technology discussed above, organisations make use of other types of technology on a daily basis At Tesco, technology is right at the heart of our business helping to improve the shopping experiences for all our customers. As you would expect from a world-class business, we need systems which are at the forefront of the industry and if the technology doesnt exist, were not afraid to innovate and be the first globally to develop and use it. Our leading edge supply chain systems create effective stock control and product availability for all our customers. Every customer experiences the checkout process, meaning our systems and processes at the tills need to be simple, smart and at the same time sophisticated. Then there are new ideas like the Self Scan Checkout (which, incidentally, our custo mers love). Or what about the things you dont see like technology which neatly predicts when we need to open more tills, before the queues have even started to form. Technology is integral to all our business operations from our numerous internal systems, electronic links with our suppliers and over 5,000 office based users to support IT is truly a business partner. To us were not here to provide just hardware or software, our contribution is to provide services and innovative IT solutions which improve the lives of our people and customers. 3] Discuss and evaluate some of the ways, in which a large organisation is affected by changes in the economic environment. Refer to the organisation you have chosen and illiustrate you answer with specific examples from that organisation. (20 marks) The economic environment consists of various factors in which affects many business such as Tesco. Factors such as employment, income, inflation, interest rates, productivity that influence the buying behavior of consumers and institutions, these would have a very big effect on Tesco positively and negatively. The main factor that that affects the economic side is economic growth. Economic growth is vital if businesses are to grow. Growth is measured as the change in the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country over one year. For comparisons over time this figure must be adjusted to allow for inflation and the resulting value is called real growth. Over time real economic growth leads to major improvements in living standards, expanding existing markets and opening new ones. The real economic growth of one country relative to another is an important indicator of business opportunity. Economic growth is affected by productivity and investment: using existing resources more ef ficiently and investing in new resources. Success in this process generates increased incomes which then fuel demand and encourage further economic growth. When a business enterprise is setting objectives and strategy for the future, economic growth is a vital factor to consider. Firms with products that are necessities are much less affected by the upturns and downturns of economic growth. Supermarkets (Tesco) make a good example, although even they expand and contract their value and upmarket brands according to economic conditions. But firms selling luxuries are much more sharply affected by changes in economic growth. Home furnishings, restaurants, holidays and cars are all types of product where economic growth is a critical factor when setting business plans. The demand for change in organisations is caused by shifts in the external and internal environments in which they operate. The PEST issues à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ political, economic, sociocultural and technological à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ are drivers or sources of change that all organisations face. Additionally, the behaviour and demands of external stakeholders, including competitors, customers, financiers and shareholders, may drive change for an organisation. The size of an organisation will influence which structure is most suitable. The most suitable structure is that which allows the best and most effective communication and co-ordination within the organisation. A large organisation or one that grown in size in term of more and bigger markets, a greater range of products and services, an increasing number of employees or a greater number of factories or outlets will require different structure from a small business that just opened its first factory or outlet.

A Dark Winter Night By William Shakespeare - 845 Words

On a dark winter night, a ghost walks the ramparts of Elsinore Castle in Denmark. Discovered first by a pair of watchmen, then by the scholar Horatio, the ghost resembles the recently deceased King Hamlet, whose brother Claudius has inherited the throne and married the king’s widow, Queen Gertrude. When Horatio and the watchmen bring Prince Hamlet, the son of Gertrude and the dead king, to see the ghost, it speaks to him, declaring ominously that it is indeed his father’s spirit, and that he was murdered by none other than Claudius. Ordering Hamlet to seek revenge on the man who usurped his throne and married his wife, the ghost disappears with the dawn. Prince Hamlet devotes himself to avenging his father’s death, but, because he is contemplative and thoughtful by nature, he delays, entering into a deep melancholy and even apparent madness. Claudius and Gertrude worry about the prince’s erratic behavior and attempt to discover its cause. They employ a pair of Hamlet’s friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to watch him. When Polonius, the pompous Lord Chamberlain, suggests that Hamlet may be mad with love for his daughter, Ophelia, Claudius agrees to spy on Hamlet in conversation with the girl. But though Hamlet certainly seems mad, he does not seem to love Ophelia: he orders her to enter a nunnery and declares that he wishes to ban marriages. A group of traveling actors comes to Elsinore, and Hamlet seizes upon an idea to test his uncle’s guilt. He will have the playersShow MoreRelated Shakespeares Sonnet #73 Essay787 Words   |  4 Pageswhere late the sweet bird sang.† He seems to be comparing his life the unspecified season, which could either be autumn or winter. If a person were to look at only this quatrain, Shakespeare seems to describe autumn, with images of yellow leaves and a place where a bird sang. However, if the whole sonnet is looked at Shakespeare seems to describe the effects of winter. Shakespeare reinforces the confusion of season with the rearrangement of the natural sequence of events. He says, none before few inRead More Essay for Shakespeares Sonnet 73703 Words   |  3 Pages Anthony Tseng Gloomy, dejected, depressed: These are the emotional elements that William Shakespeare implemented into the speaker of Sonnet 73. An understanding that time doesn’t last forever and we all will age with the current of time. Thus he has accepted his fate, but wants us the readers to feel what he feels and see what he sees. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Each year more time passes by. Each year we age a little more. A year also dies out, and then comes a new year. An endless cycle ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesto be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. 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The main themes of A Midsummers Night Dream areRead MoreEssay The Ghost Of Hamlet’s Father1607 Words   |  7 Pageshas begun. Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes the ghost’s activity prior to the opening scene of Shakespeare’s tragedy:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of DenmarkRead More Impact of Race in Othello Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesIn institutionalized racism, such as American slavery, those of a different color were often viewed as inferior. As Shakespeare wrote Othello, this idea was becoming quite prominent as England entered the African slave trade. One can look at the racial issues from the perspective of color, slavery, and society. There are many references in the play to indicate that Othello was dark colored. The first image we, as a reader, are given of Othello is that of a black ram having sexual relations withRead MoreTwelfth Night by William Shakespeare1279 Words   |  5 Pages Within the play ‘Twelfth Night’ it can be argued that the audience may be entertained by the outlook of Malvolio’s gulling. To start with his name means â€Å"ill will† within Italian which already suggests his attitude towards the other characters thus showing his place within the play as an â€Å"unpopular†character. He is a part of a religious order who sought to regulate forms of worship. In modern time the word â€Å"puritan† is often used to mean Against pleasure . Historically, the word was has been usedRead MoreStructure Of The Play : For Each Stage Of Plot Development1385 Words   |  6 Pagesstage of plot development, identify the Act in which it occurs, and explain how the example represents the stage of plot development. Exposition: The play opens in the cold and dark winter night in Denmark, where several guards are changing on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. They discuss how two nights in a row, a ghost resembling the deceased King Hamlet emerges just as the bell strikes the hour of one. A man named Horatio is informed that the apparition comes at this time andRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1075 Words   |  5 Pagesand class systems that distinguish groups of people. Ambition -- the quest for power – is an internal drive that is embedded in every one of us. It motivates us to improve ourselves. Ambition can lead to corruption as in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, where the main character Macbeth is driven by his ambition and eventually becomes corrupt. Macbeth chooses to let ambition override his humanity in order to achieve and maintain the throne which ultimately leads to his and Scotland’s down fall

Conference Application-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.How will attending the Yenching Global Symposium help you achieve your goals? 2.What is the most interesting thing youve done in the past two years? 3.Renaissance, this year's theme, identifies four different expressions of ren. Please select one that resonates with your field of interest and discuss how it relates to China's place in a global future 4.Its the second day of the Yenching Global Symposium. Youre waiting in line for lunch. What are you chatting about with the person next to you? 5.A journalist visits the organization you work for in 2022. She says she has an opportunity to ask the Chinese premier a question at the annual Two Sessions gathering, and asks for your advice on what to ask. What do you tell her and why? Answers: 1.The global symposium will help in achieving my gaols in many ways because it will be a rewarding experience for me. First, the conference will be helping me to sharp my ideas as well as approaches which will make me more efficient and operative. Secondly, in this global symposium, I will be meeting experts and influencers whose extremely valuable designs will help me in improving my approaches. Thirdly, the conference has a great prospect of providing immense exchange of goods as well as ideas. Therefore, it will help me in forming new perspectives regarding journey to a global future. Fourthly, in this internet generation, people think that they can get knowledge about everything through internet but such a conference will be helping me to curate new methods to improve approaches. Fifthly, as china is a land of ancient tradition, the global symposium will make me know the flip side of study that is the relearning classic practices. Sixthly, the conference creates rooms for like-minded folks. Through the global symposium, I can meet people who will be interested to learn new things though discussion. For own betterments it will provide scope to quench my desire to improve my existing skills and apply them in future job. Seventhly, such conference teaches one to learn investing oneself. It helps recognising the strength or capability of people. On the other hand, it also helps to find the weak points that need to be improved. Investment for own growth is the chief concern for attending the Yenching Global Symposium. 2.As a result of working in a casino in Vancouver, I gathered a lot of experiences regarding public dealings. As all casino dealers find difficult to pacify people who lost their money in game but that was the chief challenge I always enjoyed. I found casino industry to be most different from others where I met people from different culture and ethnicity. Dealing with the customers and face their grievances have helped me to build an endurance capacity which is much needed in a business. The other interesting things were the working condition and scheduling. The casino offers excellent dining rooms as well as meals for its employees for meagre amount. The scheduling in the casino was most fitted for me. I am attending masters in Canada after graduation and as the casino offers 24 hours of gaming facility, it gives me opportunity to work in any shift. It offers easy time offs as well as early out in case of any emergency. This is why I can balance my education along with my job. Payment is one of the attractive aspect I found while working in a casino. As the casino industry pays the dealers according to their tips, my tips had a great impact on my earning. The more I worked in being friendly with the gusts and taking care of them, the more I earned. In the casino I used to get flexible time off as well as vacations. Therefore, I used to get opportunity for attending colleges and education excursions. The most important thing I learnt while working in a casino was to build network of people. The customers were from different countries and had different backgrounds. For my good conduct, I was offered variety of jobs both from the customers as well as the authority 3.One of the resonates interested me and discuss China's place in a global future is the Benevolence (Yenchingsymposium.org. 2017). This discusses the influence of Chinese philosophy and culture on China's increasing soft power. The term Soft power was coined by Joseph Nye in the nineties which has been greatly used in the arenas of academics and politics. Chinese scholars discuss and interpret the term soft power in broader sense which goes beyond the discussion of soft power by Nye. Soft power in the Chinese dissertation focuses mainly on the domestic situation of China (Yang, 2015). Following the discussion by Chinese scholars on the soft power the politicians of china used its culture of the chief source of soft power building. Confucianism has been resurged to be the primary characteristic of chinas culture exportation (Stambach, 2015). The government has taken initiatives to export Chinese culture through different cultural events. It is a great deal of effort on the part of the Chinese government and it is aggressive in the soft power projection. The scholars compare between the soft power projection of USA and China and found various limitations of originated due to Chinese political system. Despite the fact that both the countries feel threatened by each other, USAs culture is more popular worldwide (Sundararajan, 2015). therefore, it plays dominance over Chinese culture. The soft power projection however is a way for increasing the counties mutual understanding and will help in avoiding future conflicts (Lo Pan, 2016). 4.The Yenching global symposium offers opportunity to explore the global change. The audience attending the conference will be grad students like me. Some can be from different nations and some can be locals (Nie et al., 2015). While standing in the que for lunch I may come across a student from a European country. As I a Chinese by birth and spend a lot time in Canada, I have explored and experienced both cultural perspectives. The small talk can be started with the weather as most of the European discussion begins with weather. After we discuss about our cultural backgrounds, the next topic can be our educational as well as professional backgrounds. As the second day topic of the conference will be on people and culture, the discussion on both the cultures will be dominant in our discussion. I shall gain knowledge about his point of view regarding profession. For being a Chinese by birth, family plays very important role in our discussions. Therefore, we can talk about our families and local celebrations. There is a popular myth about my culture that Chinese people are shy and do not exchange eye contact and indulge in firm shake hands, I will be flexible and prove these myths wrong (Gong et al., 2016). Our discussion will be full of humour and as we both were waiting for lunch; food can be a good topic to be discussed. I shall gain knowledge about his or her liking of Chinese food which represents the culture as well. 5.The journalist can ask for my advice about selecting the best topic to ask the Chinese premier at the annual Two Sessions gathering. As a people of Chinese origin and working in a foreign country, my perspectives will be reflected in my question. In case I am working in a north American country, my subject will be based on the foreign policies of China and US- China relationship. America has been the largest economy followed by China though the latter has larger GDP that the former. America has been the super power in terms of its national wealth and regulate world economy and peace (Zhao, 2015). China and US have mutual economic, political and security comforts. People living in China as well as Chinese working in USA or neighbouring countries are first to face the impact of the relationship changes between these two states (Huang, 2016). Therefore, asking the Chinese premier about questions regarding their goal to work mutually to fulfil their responsibilities by building a community of shared future is important (Ku, 2015). Their decisions are important to overcome difficulties and create a better world by offering better lives for people. References: Gong, L., Li, W., Zhang, D., Rost, D. H. (2016). Effects of emotion regulation strategies on anxiety during job interviews in Chinese college students.Anxiety, Stress, Coping,29(3), 305-317. Huang, S. (2016). A New Model of China-US Big Power Relations: A Symbolic Sign in Foreign Affairs.International Relations,4(6), 371-377. Ku, M. (2015). The Motives and Effects ofChinas New Model of Major Country Relations in China-US Relations.Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy,3(1), 17-42. Lo, J. T. Y., Pan, S. (2016). Confucius Institutes and Chinas soft power: practices and paradoxes.Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education,46(4), 512-532. Nie, Y., Chua, B. L., Yeung, A. S., Ryan, R. M., Chan, W. Y. (2015). The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well?being: Testing self?determination theory in a Chinese work organisation.International Journal of Psychology,50(4), 245-255. Stambach, A. (2015). Confucius Institute programming in the United States: Language ideology, hegemony, and the making of Chinese culture in university classes.Anthropology Education Quarterly,46(1), 55-70. Sundararajan, L. (2015). Understanding emotion in Chinese culture.Thinking Through Psychology. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Yang, R. (2015). China's soft power projection in higher education.International Higher Education, (46). Yenchingsymposium.org. (2017).Home.Yenching Global Symposium. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://yenchingsymposium.org Zhao, S. (2015). A New Model of Big Power Relations? ChinaUS strategic rivalry and balance of power in the AsiaPacific.Journal of Contemporary China,24(93), 377-397.

Taj Mahal Essays - Taj Mahal, Taj Mahal An Eternal Love Story, Agra

Taj Mahal Taj Mahal Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that it's architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj Mahal as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna River. A Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife and queen built the Taj Mahal at Agra, India. The society at the time was very productive and created a lot of success and hope for the Indians there. When Mumtaz Mahal was still alive, she extracted four promises from the emperor: first, that he build the Taj Mahal; second, that he should marry again; third, that he should be kind to their children; and fourth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. He kept the 1st and 2nd promises. The construction began in 1631. The expert craftsman from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. They constructed the monument over a period of twenty-two years, with employment of 20,000 workers. The total amount spent on the beautiful and sacred monument was 32 million rupees. The problems and issues of the Taj Mahal was very difficult back then. Actually, it was two main issues, but they were very burdensome. The only issue was the death of his wife and getting the beautiful monument done. The lengthy wait and the overcoming of her death was too much for Shah Jahan, but he had promised to his loving wife that he would eventually complete the sacred monument in her name. Everyone has their own favorite time to see the Taj Mahal. Crowds will distract you from the cool, serene presence of this flawless monument. The best way is to try arriving just as it opens or as it is about to close. A few minutes alone in the perpetually echoing inner sanctum will reward you far more than several hours spent on a guided tour. The sensuously curving lines of the temple of love demand to be savored without interruption, then the presence of the building itself will impart its own message. The event has triggered being part of the wonders of the world. It started to attract many people from other cultures because of its beauty and the mystery behind it. It intrigues people on how one person designs a monument for his wife and tries to accomplish the promises she gave before she had died. People wonder how that much love from one man to his wife can show that there is always hope in a relationship even after the significant other dies. Negative events were not really triggered in this situation. In this case, Mumtaz Mahal was in love with her husband, Shah Jahan. She wanted to have the love continue and that is why she had given those four promises to help realize that the love can still grow strong. The monument symbolizes the love that Shah Jahan had for his deceased wife, Mumtaz. Mumtaz wanted this monument more than anything. She wanted to be remembered with a monument, which symbolizes "eternal love." As a tribute to a beautiful woman and as a monument for enduring love, the Taj Mahal reveals its subtleties when one visits it without being in a hurry. The rectangular base of the Taj Mahal is in itself symbolic of the different sides from which to view a beautiful woman. The main gate is like a veil to a woman's face that should be lifted delicately, gently, and without haste on the wedding night. In my tradition, the veil is lifted gently to reveal the beauty of the bride. As one stands inside the main gate of the Taj Mahal, his eyes are directed to an arch that frames the Taj Mahal. The dome is made of white marble and the background works its magic colors. The colors change at different hours of the day. It sparkles in the moonlight when the light hits the white marble and catches the glow of the moon. The reflections of light seem to depict the different moods of the woman. The tombs of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal are actually located in a shadowy burial crypt. At ground level, in the very center of the building is the cenotaph dedicated

The History Of Law Essays - Legal Ethics, Legal Terms,

The History Of Law The history of law is very interesting. No one can really say when law began. The earliest known written law of which a copy has been found, is Ur-Nammu's Code of 2050 BC. The copy of the code is in such bad shape, that we have only been able to decipher five articles. Archaeological evidence shows that this code was supported by an advanced legal system. The system included: specialized judges, the giving of testimony under oath, the proper form of judicial decisions, and the ability of the judges to order that damages be paid to the victim by the guilty party. I find that pretty amazing! To think that these people were this advanced in 2050 BC! The earliest known legal decision was made in 1850 BC. We know of this case, because of a clay tablet. According to the tablet, a temple employee was murdered by three men. The victim's wife knew of the murder, but she remained silent. Eventually the three men and the woman were charged of murder. Nine witnesses testified against the men and the woman, and they asked for the death penalty for all four. The woman had two witnesses that told the court that she had been abused by her husband, she was not part of the murder, and that she was even worse off after her husband's death. The three men were executed in front of the victim's house. The woman however, was spared. There are many other codes and laws of the past, but I will not get into all of them right now. In 700, fingerprinting was invented by the Chinese, as a means of identifying people. In 1100, the first law school was started. In medieval Italy, when a student of law wanted to learn the laws, they would hire a teacher. One teacher by the name of Irnerius, was very popular. Students began to seek him from all over Europe. He taught in Bologna, and because he had so many students, he had to hire other teachers to form the world's first law school. By 1150, his law school had over 10,000 students! In 1215, the Magna Carta came along. At Runneymede, England, on June 15, 1215, King John of England signed the Magna Carta in which he conceded a number of legal rights to his barons and to the people. The Magna Carta had 61 clauses, the most important of which may have been clause #39. No freeman shall be captured or imprisoned?.except by lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land. It was the first time a king had said that he was not above the law. In 1776, came the Declaration of Independence. In 1787 came the Constitution of the United States of America. The Bill of Rights came about in 1791. In 1803, came the case of Marbury vs. Madison. This case is considered by the legal profession to be the most important milestone in the history of American law, since the Constitution. There are many famous people that have been lawyers, or lawyers assistants. Charles Darrow (1857-1938) is perhaps the most famous of all American lawyers. Darrow often took unpopular cases, defending against sedition charges after World War1, defending a black family from murder charges in Detroit, and in perhaps his most famous case, defending teacher John Scopes who was accused of breaking a state law by presenting Darwin's theories of evolution to high school students. Darrow was also a published author and public speaker, promoting his personal convictions including freedom of expression and of association and opposition to capital punishment. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) worked as a clerk in a law office at the age of 15. He began to report on law cases and the debates of Parliament. Yes, this is the same Dickens that wrote Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, and so on. History Reports

Peoples of the Tundra Essays

Peoples of the Tundra Essays Peoples of the Tundra Essay Peoples of the Tundra Essay The Dolman are primarily a Turkey speaking people, mostly residing In Shortcakes Kraal, Russia. A 2002 census shows there are 7,261 Dollars living In Kraal, with 26 Dollars counted as living In the Ukraine. The Dollars are mostly reindeer breeders, hunters, and fisherman; although some gardening is also found throughout their communities. The Nanas is the northernmost tribe, residing on the Tammany peninsula close to the Arctic Ocean. There were only 834 Nanas members counted in the same census. Historically, they are nomadic hunters and fishers, although reindeer herding Is also largely popular. A variety of methods for gathering data were used In the 12 months that Keller lived amongst these groups between 1994 and 1997. A vast amount of data was collected and presented on economical, ecological, and political situations among the Dolman and Nanas. Individual interviews and direct participation in the society daily activities gave an in depth accounting of these tribes. One of the four hallmarks of anthropology is participant observation, which allowed Kier to build lasting friendships and relationships with the people, gain their trust, and deeply understand their day to day lifestyles, family needs. ND deep rooted traditions. Directly participating gave the author first hand knowledge of how to survive in this limited, and how important it is to contribute to the hunting practices. This involvement explains in great detail how drastically cold, and harsh, northern Siberia can be, and how important sharing is in order to survive. Majority of anthropologists study groups to find how their goods are made and distributed. Both Dolman and Nanas depend mostly on meat and fish as the mall component of their diet. There are several types of hunts, with 38 hunts documented in the book. Caribou hunting provides the greatest amount of meat, and this type of hunt is performed on land and water. Hunters also set up and own their own trap nines for hunting Arctic Fox. There are also various types of fishing going on, which may or may not be incorporated Into the hunt of large game. Goose hunting is also popular during spring and summer. Both groups rely on gathering of berries and mushrooms, utilizing small plastic buckets to do so. The daily labor is divided fairly and equally between family members. The men are the primary owners of the hunting equipment and trap lines. Therefore, they maintain these and do the physical labor of hunting. Older men mostly participate in fishing closely to the village, while small boys will work along side the women and arils. The women are in charge of food preparation and the distribution of the meat. They utilize the kin selection model of food sharing by deciding how much to use Walton tenet Immediate Tamely, want Is Kept or glen away, Ana to whom It Is given. They also handle the finer butchering of the meat for preparing soups, ribs, etc. Another duty handled by the women is clothing. They are the seamstresses of the families, using animal pelts and furs to piece together garments. The intricate sewing and bodywork that is done can take up to several weeks to finish even one clothing item. The Dolman and Nanas believe that sharing the meat is a requirement of the Tundra itself. Others may come around asking for food, tolerated scrounging, and they are not to be turned away if there is anything to give. They believe if they dont share, they are being selfish, and the Tundra will no longer bless them with animals and good hunts in the future. Drying and smoking of excess meats are done outside, which signals to the neighbors that there is an excess available. The Russian government began setting up bread stores in 1822 in the district providing a supply of carbohydrates in the forms of breads and grains. These goods were sold for cash, or given by way of trade for other goods. This system of bread stores only further controlled the taxation process on the products they provided. Russia continues to provide these goods, but no longer through the stores. They now transport them directly to Siberia via helicopter, which is highly expensive. Therefore, the amounts and variety of products provided has been drastically reduced. So much so, that the amounts of bread product provided is not enough for everyone. Russian colonization and control of the Siberian Tundra region was highly inefficiency to those moving into the area, but devastating to those already living there. Siberian endured suffering at the hands of Russians two major armies, The White Army and the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Many natives were forced into service of these armies, changing their way of life, forcibly converting them into workers for the state. Goods and services were still exchanged between, but only in designated areas, and handled with great care by both parties. Exchanges were never face to face, weapons were in hand, and goods were passed through windows or tossed back and forth. Nanas had rarely slaughtered their domesticated reindeer for personal consumption, but such an act was becoming more and more common during these times. Any abundance of reindeer, as deemed by the Russians, were confiscated and moved to collective areas. The Soviets wanted more and more control of the hunting and trading practices, as a way to further tax the Siberian people, so stronger regulations were put into place. Russia clearly stated an interest in the natural resources of the Tundra, primarily graphite, and moved to gain control of such. Native congresses were established by the Soviet Union, yet Siberian leaders, such as shamans and kulaks, were not allowed to sit on these congresses. Soon they outlawed the practice of shamanism altogether, and many shamans were arrested and executed. Practicing shamanism of any kind by the people was done only in secret. Around 1929, Stalin began moving non-native peasants from the south into the Siberian Tundra, adding further stress to the natives living there. These peasants had no way of caring for themselves, and how to survive the harsh climate was not knowledge they had. Therefore, the natives had to care for the newcomers, unable to o so themselves. A movement of resistance to this acclimatization was formed by ten Kulaks, or roll peasants, wanly was quickly eater Dye Russian military Walt mass bloodshed and war tactics. Native societies began to Join forces and make demands to the government publicly. Primarily they wanted no more factorization of the kulaks, who were essentially the elders of the communities. They asked for freedom from trapping, taxes, and freight transport as well. In response to these demands, more agents were sent to the Tundra to ensure reindeer purchasing and fur production were intact. Kulaks were also ordered to continue their orders or be brought to court. Many kulaks were arrested and killed during this time. It was widely known for Russian military to open fire on native meetings at any point. The biggest losses and changes to befall the Dolman and Nanas from around the sass to the sass was their loss of reindeer. The reindeer was mostly used for transportation, and now had either been purchased or confiscated by the government for use by the state. Shamans and kulaks were frequently executed, and their reindeer surrendered to the Soviet government. Collective farms were established, and the natives were moved into these areas and assigned housing. This forced acclimatization of the natives drastically changed their nomadic lifestyle, which brought about a widespread depression. Self-medication of this depression by use of alcohol was also becoming more common, as alcohol was more available. People had been moved and settled into marked communities and villages, had lost majority of their personal reindeer, and were mostly employed by state-run agencies. These were huge differences to their previous way of life. There was, however, more access to medical care now which had decreased the death rates f children and infants. The increasing access to alcohol has increased the death rates of working age adults. There is less and less hunting taking place to fulfill the government hunting plans, which provides more and more free time to the people in the communities. Dollars have more members in their group than the Gnashing, yet the death rate is higher due to alcohol abuse in the Nanas tribe. Nanas death rate in females is as high as it is in males, which is directly linked to the low birth rate. There are less females of age to have children, and this is showing in the constant decline in births every year. The adjustments the people were forced to make during the rise, and fall, of the socialist state brought about a great emotional depression, which led to alcohol abuse, and in turn, more depression. People were overlooking spending their money on purchasing necessities in order to buy alcohol. This puts a person, and their families, in a very tight position. The Dolman and Nanas tribes both have a vast history rich in shamanistic traditions. The definition of shaman is to know in an ecstatic manner. (pig 106) Shamans commonly practice contacting the deceased for answers to their questions ND guidance. The Soviet Union outlawed the practice of shamanism in the sass, although the traditions were still passed down in secret. Shamanism changed after the passing of the head of the family in 1996, although it still shapes much of the beliefs of people in this region. The Nanas use wooden statues, or idols, called kaka, to represent their ancestors. Although the Dolman are primarily Russian Orthodox, they also practice shamanism, Ana nave sass called sanitary . It Is Deliver Tanat Dye Tyler ten sanitary would bind the family together. Bad luck could come to the members of the family if Haitian wasnt cared for, and upon the death of a family member, only a shaman could unbind the assistant. Doctrines exist outlining these beliefs, and the taboos practiced. There are many stories about coexisting with nature and how to deal with things like fire. Fire is of utmost importance to the survival in this region. But people believe they must also care for the fire, in order to maintain the relationship. It is believed when a fire is crackling, or making noises, it is actually communicating. It could be delivering messages of good or bad, too much noise usually means bad, and would necessitate shamans interpretation to fully grasp the message. Women primarily care for the fire; therefore they are not to walk on ash under any circumstances. This would be considered highly disrespectful to fire, and could hinder their ability to reproduce. Bears are of high importance in both Dolman and Nanas teachings. They are believed to be relatives, or ancestral souls, and arent to be hunted or killed unless absolutely necessary. Even if a bear has to be killed for safety, or in self defense, the meat and fur is not used, and the bear is given a burial like another person of the family. Many of these taboos are referred to as sins. It is a sin not to cooperate, or share, in which the spirits of the ancestors could punish someone over committing one of these sins. If someone spoke badly of someone else, for example, it is believed something bad could happen to a member of that persons family, such as death or illness. By not sharing meat, the tundra could punish by not providing any more animals. The Soviets had taken control of many aspects of the lives of people in the Tundra for a great many years, primarily control of the hunting grounds. After the fall of the Russian soviet state, families continued use of the state controlled hunting grounds. In 1992, Boris Yielding attempted to protect and maintain Dolman and Nanas way of life, yet keeping control, by allowing families to own property through family/clan holdings. If the head off family chose to apply for this status, there would be no rent or property taxes, but taxes on any profits made would still be collected. Natives must have minimum five years hunting experience to lay claim on land, and non- natives must have ten years experience. If a family claimed hunting grounds, policies and procedures set for the by the state had to be followed. It almost becomes more f an expense to not only file the formal paperwork, but the expense to buy gas and equipment necessary to access and maintain deeper regions of the grounds. Almost a dozen forms have to be file, which can be overwhelming. The reality of the situation in Just Beam is that majority of families cant afford to hold a claim. The paperwork, plus the cost of traveling to Dunedin to file them, is too much for most. Some arent even sure if the concept of land claims is a good one, while others stay fairly busy hunting and arent interested in spending the time to work through the process of a claim. The hunting grounds directly around the collective settlements were considered common use grounds, as anyone was allowed to hunt there.

Food Policy for Public Health Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Food Policy for Public Health Practice - Essay Example The occurrence of overweight and obesity in general and especially in children is rising fast around the world. The increases in childhood obesity in Australia are one of the peaks amongst developed countries. Approximately 25% of Australian children are at present plump or obese which is an enormous jump from 5% in the 1960’s. Significant features causative to occurrence rates of childhood obesity in Australia comprise traditions and socio-economic condition. Childhood obesity in Australia is increasing at an annual rate of 1%, a trend which proposes that half of all young Australians will be overweight by the year 2025 (asso.org.au, 2006). In this essay the problem of child obesity in Australia is looked upon on the basis of Bacchi’s ‘what’s the problem approach’? There is an elevated prevalence of overweight and obesity in children of parents of particular locale. And maternal teaching is the top social determinant of overweight and obesity in childhood. Focusing on children role and their involvement to modern society and potential populations, tackling the determinants of health and wellbeing for children and youngsters will develop population health and wellbeing in general. The main reason of the obesity pandemic is energy disproportion that is a comparative increase in energy ingestion (food intake) in concert with a decline in energy spending (reduced physical activity and increased inactive behaviour). Discovering the significant prognostic determinants of both of these behaviours, in addition to the most efficient and sustainable remedial approaches, is multifaceted and involves parental education and employment; housing atmosphere; play, leisure and physical activity; food and nutrition; and child-friendly physical and social situations. Few straightforward trends recommend moderately agreeable remedies. Childrens fruit and vegetable consumption has reduced considerably over the past 20 years. Their