Friday, May 15, 2020

Why US Public Schools Dont Have a Prayer

Students at America’s public schools can still -- under certain specific conditions -- pray at school, but their opportunities to do so are dwindling fast. In 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Union Free School District No. 9 in Hyde Park, New York had violated the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by directing the districts principals to cause the following prayer to be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. Since that landmark 1962 case of Engel v. Vitale, the Supreme Court has issued a series of rulings that may result in the elimination of organized observances of any religion from Americas public schools. The latest and perhaps most telling decision came on June 19, 2000 when the Court ruled 6-3, in the case of Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, that pre-kickoff prayers at high school football games violate the First Amendments Establishment Clause, typically known as requiring the separation of church and state.. The decision may also bring an end to the delivery of religious invocations at graduations and other ceremonies. School sponsorship of a religious message is impermissible because it (implies to) members of the audience who are non-adherents that they are outsiders, wrote Justice John Paul Stevens in the Court’s majority opinion. While the Courts decision on football prayers was not unexpected, and was in keeping with past decisions, its direct condemnation of school-sponsored prayer divided the Court and honestly angered the three dissenting Justices. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, along with Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, wrote that the majority opinion bristles with hostility to all things religious in public life. The 1962 Courts interpretation of the Establishment Clause (Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,) in Engle v. Vitale has since been upheld by both liberal and conservative Supreme Courts in six additional cases: 1963 -- ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP -- banned school-directed recital of the Lords Prayer and reading of Bible passages as part of devotional exercises in public schools.1980 -- STONE v. GRAHAM -- banned the posting of the the Ten Commandments on public school classroom walls.1985 -- WALLACE v. JAFFREE -- banned observance of daily moments of silence from public schools when students were encouraged to pray during the silent periods.1990 -- WESTSIDE COMMUNITY BOARD. OF EDUCATION. v. MERGENS -- held that schools must allow student prayer groups to organize and worship if other non-religious clubs are also permitted to meet on school property.1992 -- LEE v. WEISMAN -- outlawed prayers led by members of the clergy at public school graduation ceremonies.2000 -- SANTA FE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT v. DOE -- banned student-led pre-game prayers at public high school football games. But Students Can Still Pray, Sometimes Through their rulings, the court has also defined some times and conditions under which public school students may pray, or otherwise practice a religion. [A]t any time before, during or after the school-day, as long as your prayers do not interfere with other students.In meetings of organized prayer or worship groups, either informally or as a formal school organization -- IF -- other student clubs are also allowed at the school.Before eating a meal at school -- as long as the prayer does not disturb other students.In some states, student-led prayers or invocations are still delivered at graduations due to lower court rulings. However, the Supreme Courts ruling of June 19, 2000 may bring this practice to an end.Some states provide for a daily moment of silence to be observed as long as students are not encouraged to pray during the silent period. What Does Establishment of Religion Mean? Since 1962, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that in Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, the Founding Fathers intended that no act of the government (including public schools) should favor any one religion over others. Thats hard to do, because once you mention God, Jesus, or anything even remotely Biblical, you have pushed the constitutional envelope by favoring one practice or form of religion over all others. It may very well be that the only way to not favor one religion over another is to not even mention any religion at all -- a path now being chosen by many public schools. Is the Supreme Court to Blame? Polls show that a majority of people disagree with the Supreme Courts religion-in-schools rulings. While its fine to disagree with them, it is not really fair to blame the Court for making them. The Supreme Court did not just sit down one day and say, Lets ban religion from public schools. Had the Supreme Court not been asked to interpret the Establishment Clause by private citizens, including some members of the Clergy, they never would have done so. The Lords Prayer would be recited and the Ten Commandments read in American classrooms just as they were before the Supreme Court and Engle v. Vitale changed it all in June 25, 1962. But, in America, you say, the majority rules. Like when the majority ruled that women could not vote or that black people should ride only in the back of the bus? Perhaps the most important job of the Supreme Court is to see to it that will of the majority is never unfairly or hurtfully forced on the minority. And, thats a good thing because you never know when the minority might be you. Where School-Sponsored Prayer is Required In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act of 1998 requires that all students in state-run schools participate in a daily â€Å"act of collective worship,† which must be of â€Å"a broadly Christian character,† unless their parents request that they be excused from taking part. While religious schools are allowed to mold their act of worship to reflect the school’s specific religion, most religious schools in the United Kingdom are Christian. Despite the 1998 law, Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Schools recently reported that about 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all students. While England’s Department of Education has stressed that all schools must maintain religious prayer in schools in order to reflect the beliefs and traditions of the predominantly Christian country, a recent BBC study found that 64% of students do not take part in daily acts of worship or prayer. In addition, a 2011 BBC survey revealed that 60% of parents believed that the daily worship requirement of the School Standards and Framework Act should not be enforced at all.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Compatibilism Essays - 873 Words

There are 3 basic views that can be taken on the view of determinism, (1) deny its reality, either because of the existence of free will or on independent grounds; (2) accept its reality but argue for its compatibility with free will; or (3) accept its reality and deny its compatibility with free will.In this paper I am going to be defending the view compatibilism, specifically W. T. Stace’s view of compatibilism. Compatibilism is the idea that determinism is true, every event in the world is caused, and that free will still exists. Stace defends this view by saying the problem is the definition of free will. The current definition of what free will is a completely and wholly uncaused action. However this obviously would be completely†¦show more content†¦There are a few criticisms that are brought up against this compatibles view; in fact Stace brings up possible objections himself. The first that I will consider is that there are some cases that are borderline. For example, if somebody has a gun and puts it to your head and commands you to do something it seems that you would have to do it even though the person with the gun is not physically forcing you to do it. However I do not believe this to be a borderline case at all, even if someone is holding a gun to your head you are still making the decision to do whatever it is that they are telling you to do. It is still of your own me ntal state that you will do it out of your own perceived state that whatever they are asking you to do would be preferable to your own death. The second objection that he presents is that if you could somehow know that somebody was going to do an action before they did it (even though this itself is very hard to believe) then how could they have done otherwise. However I do not understand how this is detrimental to this argument of compatibilism. Obviously if someone somehow new 100% for sure that you were going to do something then to even ask if the person could have done otherwise is completely absurd, they obviously would have, as in the first part of the statement its said that they couldn’t. Basically saying that hypothetically you will do an action withShow MoreRelatedTraditional Compatibilism Examples854 Words   |  4 Pagescompatibilist has a simple outlook on a subject that any average human being can grasp. On the outside, it may look confusing, but traditional c ompatibilism is simple once you get through the vocabulary and a few examples. In this essay, I will cover the traditional compatibilists’ analysis on free will, give an example of a counterexample to traditional compatibilism, and my thoughts on why or why not the counterexample is successful in rejecting the traditional compatibilist analysis of free will. ToRead MoreDeterminism, Compatibilism And Libertarianism1955 Words   |  8 Pagesis our life just a script we follow? The question of free will has stumped philosophers for years, in which philosophers have disagreed on the conclusion. There are several perspectives on this issue, the most popular of which are determinism, compatibilism and libertarianism. By discussing the similarities and differences of these perspectives, as well as the strengths and weaknesses, we can determine which of these is most accurate. Determinism is â€Å"the view that every event, including human actionsRead MorePhilosophy comparing libertarianism, compatibilism, and determinism2363 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Comparing Determinism, Compatibilism, and Libertarianism Patrick C Smith Ivy Tech Community College The question that the textbook poses at the very beginning of chapter four is, â€Å"Are you Free† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 172)? Most people would look at this question as pretty cut and dry and would answer a resounding yes. Philosophically speaking, it is not that easy of an answer. You have to be willing to look at the question with an open mind, and askRead MoreComparing Compatibilism Vs Incompatibilism : A Compatibilist View1332 Words   |  6 PagesCompatibilism vs Incompatibilism: a compatibilist view Does determinism imply that there is no free will, as the incompatibilists argue, or does it allow for free will, as the compatibilists argue? Determinism is the doctrine, that every event, as well as human actions is determined by causes that are independent to the will. From determinism, two opposing views were identified. The incompatibilists view that determinism implies no free will, or the compatibilists view that determinism still allowsRead MoreWhat Is Determinism, Libertarianism, And Compatibilism1161 Words   |  5 Pages In such discussion they have come up with multiple theories. The three I’ll address today are determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism; are we products of our past unable to choose another course, or are our actions free from the chain of causality and thus our own? I believe that you can’t take these two questions as black and white. In my opinion compatibilism - which attempts to merge free will and determinism - explains our situation as humans, with a sense of moral responsibility, moreRead MoreFree Will : Causal Determinism, Fatalism, And Compatibilism Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesOn Free Will: Causal Determinism, Fatalism, and Compatibilism. The philosophical questioning of free will is really a matter of the volition of man. That is, free will is a central dogma that many subscribe to that empowers them to be accountable for their own lives and that provides meaning to something that is largely unknown. Free will proves to be a profound and highly debated topic in the philosophical realm. Whether free will truly exists or not is largely implicating in how one perceives theRead MorePersuasive Essay : Animal Lover979 Words   |  4 Pagesbought her and begged to buy her back. Thankfully, he let me purchase her. However, my mother found out that I did this, and I was greatly punished for my acts of rebellion. This morally wrong action that I pursued can be described in terms of compatibilism and determinism. In order to do so, these terms must first be defined. Determinism is the theory that everything in the universe is defined by casual laws (p 218). Human actions in determinism are not free. They are all caused by heredity and environmentRead MoreDo We Have a Free Will? Essay example1462 Words   |  6 Pageseach other in account of our deeds that we had made wrong choices. In Compatibility and moral defense, if an individual is not responsible for the intention then how can that person be responsible for the act? One powerful contemporary form of compatibilism, which is the right answer is â€Å"why not?† one should not think that by somebody`s actions are a result of mental state. Thus, someone ought to do a given task or function if she or he has the ability to do it. The truth of determinism gives us noRead MoreCompatibilism vs. Imcompatibilism: Is There Really Free Will1043 Words   |  5 Pageseach side and to draw possible conclusions to the question and existence of free will. The compatibilist and incompatiblists agree that there are other worlds where there is free will but disagree on the fact that determinism is true.            Compatibilism is the idea that there is a connection between ones free will and the actions we take. We are solely responsible for the actions we take. Compatibilists believe that we can be living in a pre determined life, but our free will goes unchanged. WeRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will950 Words   |  4 Pagesnormally either free or unfree considering the conditions that provoke them. However, the baseline in withholding or granting the acknowledgments of moral responsibility depends on society’s viewpoint. Hard determinism, therefore, is typical of compatibilism, a belief that determinism and free will are compatible ideologies (Koons, 2002). Thus, compatibilist belief holds that it is acceptable to believe in something without being rationally inconsistent. Skinner and Bandura in their studies acknowledged

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Of Great Place Essay Example For Students

Of Great Place Essay The stage is more beholding to love, than the life of man. For as to the stage, love is ever matter of comedies, and now and then of tragedies; but in life it doth much mischief; sometimes like a siren, sometimes like a fury. You may observe, that amongst all the great and worthy persons whereof the memory remaineth, either ancient or recent there is not one, that hath been transported to the mad degree of love: which shows that great spirits, and great business, do keep out this weak passion. You must except, nevertheless, Marcus Antonius, the half partner of the empire of Rome, and Appius Claudius, the decemvir and lawgiver; whereof the former was indeed a voluptuous man, and inordinate; but the latter was an austere and wise man: and therefore it seems though rarely that love can find entrance, not only into an open heart, but also into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept. It is a poor saying of Epicurus, Satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus: as if man, made for the contemplation of heaven, and all noble objects, should do nothing but kneel before a little idol and make himself a subject, though not of the mouth as beasts are, yet of the eye; which was given him for higher purposes. It is a strange thing, to note the excess of this passion, and how it braves the nature, and value of things, by this; that the speaking in a perpetual hyperbole, is comely in nothing but in love. Neither is it merely in the phrase; for whereas it hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a mans self; certainly the lover is more. For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover doth of the person loved; and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to love and to be wise. Neither doth this weakness appear to others only, and not to the party loved; but to the loved most of all, except the love be reciproque. For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt. By how much the more, men ought to beware of this passion, which loseth not only other things, but itself! As for the other losses, the poets relation doth well figure them: that he that preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno and Pallas. For whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection, quitteth both riches and wisdom. This passion hath his floods, in very times of weakness; which are great prosperity, and great adversity; though this latter hath been less observed: both which times kindle love, and make it more fervent, and therefore show it to be the child of folly. They do best, who if they cannot but admit love, yet make it keep quarters; and sever it wholly from their serious affairs, and actions, of life; for if it check once with business, it troubleth mens fortunes, and maketh men, that they can no ways be true to their own ends. I know not how, but martial men are given to love: I think, it is but as they are given to wine; for perils commonly ask to be paid in pleasures. There is in mans nature, a secret inclination and motion, towards love of others, which if it be not spent upon some one or a few, doth naturally spread itself towards many, and maketh men become humane and charitable; as it is seen sometime in friars. Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth, and embaseth it. OF GREAT PLACE Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business. .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .postImageUrl , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:hover , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:visited , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:active { border:0!important; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:active , .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580 .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue37aa6ec28d3de5a595b158de597a580:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The Time Machine EssaySo as they have no freedom; neither in their persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times. It is a strange desire, to seek power and to lose liberty: or to seek power over others, and to lose power over a mans self. The rising unto place is laborious; and by pains, men come to greater pains; and it is sometimes base; and by indignities, men come to dignities. The standing is slippery, and the regress is either a downfall, or at least an eclipse, which is a melancholy thing. Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere. Nay, retire men cannot when they would, neither will they, when it were reason; but are impatient of privateness, even in age and sickness, which require the shadow; like old townsmen, that will be still sitting at their street door, though thereby they offer age to scorn. Certainly great persons had need to borrow other mens opinions, to think themselves happy; for if they judge by their own feeling, they cannot find it; but if they think with themselves, what other men think of them, and that other men would fain be, as they are, then they are happy, as it were, by report; when perhaps they find the contrary within. For they are the first, that find their own griefs, though they be the last, that find their own faults. Certainly men in great fortunes are strangers to themselves, and while they are in the puzzle of business, they have no time to tend their health, either of body or mind. Illi mors gravis incubat, qui notus nimis omnibus, ignotus moritur sibi. In place, there is license to do good, and evil; whereof the latter is a curse: for in evil the best condition is not to will; the second, not to can. But power to do good, is the true and lawful end of aspiring. For good thoughts though God accept them yet, towards men, are little better than good dreams, except they be put in act; and that cannot be, without power and place, as the vantage, and commanding ground. Merit and good works, is the end of mans motion; and conscience of the same is the accomplishment of mans rest. For if a man can be partaker of Gods theatre, he shall likewise be partaker of Gods rest. Et conversus Deus, ut aspiceret opera quÃÆ'ƒÂ ¦ fecerunt manus suÃÆ'ƒÂ ¦, vidit quod omnia essent bona nimis; and then the sabbath. In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the best examples; for imitation is a globe of precepts. And after a time, set before thee thine own example; and examine thyself strictly, whether thou didst not best at first. Neglect not also the examples, of those that have carried themselves ill, in the same place; not to set off thyself, by taxing their memory, but to direct thyself, what to avoid. Reform therefore, without bravery, or scandal of former times and persons; but yet set it down to thyself, as well to create good precedents, as to follow them. Reduce things to the first institution, and observe wherein, and how, they have degenerate; but yet ask counsel of both times; of the ancient time, what is best; and of the latter time, what is fittest. Seek to make thy course regular, that men may know beforehand, what they may expect; but be not too positive and peremptory; and express thyself well, when thou digressest from thy rule. Preserve the right of thy place; but stir not questions of jurisdiction; and rather assume thy right, in silence and de facto, than voice it with claims, and challenges. .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .postImageUrl , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:hover , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:visited , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:active { border:0!important; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:active , .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98782d1985a3d9f211576994e64bf7fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel and Chronicle of a Death Foretold EssayPreserve likewise the rights of inferior places; and think it more honor, to direct in chief, than to be busy in all. Embrace and invite helps, and advices, touching the execution of thy place; and do not drive away such, as bring thee information, as meddlers; but accept of them in good part. The vices of authority are chiefly four: delays, corruption, roughness, and facility. For delays: give easy access; keep times appointed; go through with that which is in hand, and interlace not business, but of necessity. For corruption: do not only bind thine own hands, or, thy servants hands, from taking, but bind the hands of suitors also, from offering. For integrity used doth the one; but integrity professed, and with a manifest detestation of bribery, doth the other. And avoid not only the fault, but the suspicion. Whosoever is found variable, and changeth manifestly without manifest cause, giveth suspicion of corruption. Therefore always, when thou changest thine opinion or course, profess it plainly, and declare it, together with the reasons that move thee to change; and do not think to steal it. A servant or a favorite, if he be inward, and no other apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought, but a by-way to close corruption. For roughness: it is a needless cause of discontent: severity breedeth fear, but roughness breedeth hate. Even reproofs from authority, ought to be grave, and not taunting. As for facility: it is worse than bribery. For bribes come but now and then; but if importunity, or idle respects, lead a man, he shall never be without. As Salomon saith, To respect persons is not good; for such a man will transgress for a piece of bread. It is most true, that was anciently spoken, A place showeth the man: and it showeth some to the better, and some to the worse. Omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperasset, saith Tacitus of Galba; but of Vespasian he saith, Solus imperantium, Vespasianus mutatus in melius: though the one was meant of sufficiency, the other of manners, and affection. It is an assured sign of a worthy and generous spirit, whom honor amends. For honor is, or should be, the place of virtue and as in nature, things move violently to their place, and calmly in their place, so virtue in ambition is violent, in authority settled and calm. All rising to great place is by a winding star; and if there be factions, it is good to side a mans self, whilst he is in the rising, and to balance himself when he is placed. Use the memory of thy predecessor, fairly and tenderly; for if thou dost not, it is a debt will sure be paid when thou art gone. If thou have colleagues, respect them, and rather call them, when they look not for it, than exclude them, when they have reason to look to be called. Be not too sensible, or too remembering, of thy place in conversation, and private answers to suitors; but let it rather be said, When he sits in place, he is another man.