Capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran

In recent years, many Muslims have come to accept the notion of democracy but there is a variety of opinion as to its precise meaning. They have sought to delineate Islamic forms of democracy, or popular political participation, seeking to provide an Islamic rationale whose legitimacy finds its roots in tradition. The Islamification of democracy has been based on a modern process of reinterpretation of the traditional Islamic concepts of political deliberation or consultation, community consensus, and personal interpretation or reinterpretation to support notions of parliamentary democracy; this also extends to include representative elections, and religious reform. Islamic organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhoods in Egypt and Jordan, Algeria’s Islamic Salvation Front, Indonesia’s Muhammadiya and Nahdatual Ulama ostensibly have advocated the principle of democratic elections and, have participated in parliamentary elections (Common Dreams NewsCenter, 2005) As with the interpretation of Islam, notions of democracy and the structuring of administration of justice take on different forms in different Muslim countries with different experience. Throughout the Islamic world, governments have adopted varying degrees of self-representation in response to unique historical circumstances. Turkey, for example, is a parliamentary, secular democracy. Indonesia is one of the world's largest republics, but an uncertain one as the nation still struggles to evolve a representative political system after decades of repressive authoritarian rule. Iraq is currently a case study in nation-building in the aftermath of the dictatorial regime of Saddam Hussein and Iran is a theocratic republic with a growing democratic reform movement. Whilst many Islamic states have moved closer to democracy, the aforementioned groups and States along with several other Islamic States, particularly in the Middle East, advocate the death penalty as a capital punishment for many different types of crimes. It has been claimed that Iran’s execution rate is second in the world only to that of China. However, this assertion has also been variously dismissed by the regime as exaggeration of the facts (Gelbart, 2010). Nevertheless, the death penalty is legal and permitted for certain crimes in Iran. Capital punishment can be administered for the crimes such as treason, rape, sodomy, terrorism, murder, the trafficking of drugs, paedophilia, kidnap and armed robbery (FIDH, 2011). The present Iranian regime has been a subject of controversy and stringent criticism in the West for some time now. The current central disputes focus predominantly around the research and manufacture of nuclear weapons although it has also received controversy for its policy on execution and capital punishment, perhaps the most controversial occurring over the execution of those under 18, considered by law as not yet adult (minors). These State-legitimised executions have been raised as issues because they directly violate the Convention of the Rights of the Child, a treaty signed by Iran which protects children from execution (EMINE, 2012). Iran has attempted to defray these allegations by claiming dispensation in these cases (and some others) because certain sections of the Convention have been deemed incompatible with ‘Islamic jurisprudence’ (DN. SE, 2008). The Iranian regime has also received criticism for the alleged use of stoning as a means of exacting the death penalty, although these allegations have been denied by the Iranian judiciary as Western propaganda, along with the allegations of the execution of minors (BBC NEWS, 2005). In February 2012 a new penal code was adopted by Iran which officially legislated against the administration of the death penalty to minors (those under the age of 18) and those of who are subject to diminished mental development. In some rare instances the death penalty can still be applied to minors who commit murder between the ages of 15 and 18 years old but only if the judge is completely confident that the crime was entirely and absolutely premeditated and that the perpetrators in question are as mentally developed as adults (Bozorgmehr, 2010). The issue of Iranian executions carried out against minors has also been a salient point in the campaigns of numerous human rights groups. These groups claim that in spite of Iran’s signing on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they are actually the largest executor of minors in the world. This may be due to the disparity of definition regarding children in Iran. The Islamic Penal Code (Article 49) defines a child in Iran, as stipulated by Islamic law, as ‘someone who has not reached the age of bulugh (puberty)’ (Human Rights Watch, 2008). This discrepancy may be due to Iran’s use of the lunar Islamic calendar for the determination of criminal responsibility, as opposed to the standard solar calendar, which is longer. This means that in some cases a criminal who faced the death penalty Iran would be tired as an18 year old in accordance with Islamic years but only be 17 years old in the Western standard solar calendar (O’Toole, 2007). As Marx (1843) famously asserted ‘Religion is the opium of the masses’. Throughout all history, religion has played the starring role in much of human conflict, with philosophical, political, sociological, as well as physical repercussions. Most of religions profess and share positive life philosophies and values, although it is commonly recognised that some religious entities and States have used their power to realise crimes against humanity. Some religious regimes have also used the respective doctrine of their associated religions, to carry out perceivably draconian brutality against their people, be it for political disagreement or legal dissent. It is difficult to foresee how Islamic societies can realise their tremendous potential without genuine political reform. Evidently, it is not Islam that is the greatest obstacle to serious democratisation and reform against the death penalty. On the contrary, the most important impediment is the continuing resistance of established political regimes, whose leaders espouse the language of democracy but rarely permit political liberalisation beyond that which they can orchestrate and control. Mona Yacoubian (Gelbart, 2010) makes a persuasive case for greater international involvement in urging the Iranian government toward greater reform. The key to the success of democratisation and reformation of the death penalty in Islamic societies is imposition of more freedom, expanding freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, and freedom to form independent organisations. The process may be long and slow but it must be real, sustainable, and measures should be taken to prevent the reversal of it. History shows that many governments in the Muslim world have become adept at promising democratic reforms only to fail on their promises ad deliver more oppression. In this regard, the international community needs to exert sustained pressure on the existing governments to sue for liberalisation, democratisation and extension of civil liberties: only through such routes can true societal freedom be attained. Real and genuine reforms are needed; liberal and moderate voices cannot be heard in an environment of fear and repression. The United States and European countries should stop implicitly and explicitly supporting all Middle Eastern dictatorships and oppressive regimes (rather than just those who operate in accordance with their political machinations); this they should do in the name of stability and to promote peace and strengthen the voices of liberal Islam, rather than propagating sometimes spurious propaganda in order to exercise military power and at the same time undermining their own arguments. Muslim countries must also gain experience with democratic institutions and practices. Nonetheless, the success to the development of democracy will necessarily be dependent on the success of the citizens to ultimately resolve their inner crisis, but this situation in turn will always be hampered unless the general unrest and political instability either plateaus or resolves of its own volition.

Evolution and revolution as organizations grow

Evolution and revolution as organizations grow Growing organization move through 5 phases of development, each of which contains a relatively calm period of growth that ends with a management crisis. Each developmental phase is strongly influenced by the previous one. Thus by knowing an organization's development history it is possible to be more prepared for the next developmental crisis. These crises can be used in order to achieve future growth.Evolution- long periods of growth with no major organizational problem Revolution- crisis periods, where companies need to find solutions to newly occurred rganizational problems Phasel : Creativity This developmental phase is a period of evolution. At its birth stage an organization focuses on creating a product and a market. So the company's founders are entirely focused on making and selling a new product. They don't focus on management activities. Communication among employees is informal. Long hours of work are rewarded by modest salar ies.The control of activities comes from marketplace feedback. As the company grows the first revolution period occurs: the leadership crisis: Increased number of employees, needs of additional capital and new accounting rocedures demand new management responsibilities. So the first critical development choice is to find and install a strong business manager who is acceptable to the founders and who can pull the organization together. Phase 2: Direction Those companies that survive the first phase by installing a good business manager embark on another evolutionary period.A function organizational structure is introduced. Different business activities occur. Job assignments become more specialized. Accounting systems are introduced. Incentives, budgets and work standards are adopted. Communication becomes more formal. New managers take the managing responsibility while lower level supervisors act as tunctional specialists However these techniques become eventually inappropriate for controlling a larger and more complex organization.This is when the second revolution occurs: the autonomy crisis: Lower-level employees find themselves restricted. They feel being torn between following procedures and taking initiative on their own. So lower level managers demand more autonomy. The solution adopted by many companies is to move toward greater delegation. Yet it is difficult for top managers to give up esponsibility. And lower-level managers are not accustomed for making decisions for themselves.As a result many companies struggle during this revolutionary period, because many lower level employees leave the organization since they stick to centralized methods. Phase 3: Delegation The next evolution period evolves from the successful application of decentralized organization structure. Much greater responsibility is given to lower-level managers. Bonuses are used to stimulate motivation Top executives manage by exception based on periodic reports from the fieldManage ment focuses on new gains, which can be lined up beside other decentralized units However a serious problem eventually occur: the control crisis: when top executives feel that they are loosing control over a highly diversified field operation because of autonomous field managers. In order to move ahead companies need to find a new solution in the use of special coordination techniques. Phase 4: Coordination During this phase the evolutionary period occurs by the use of formal systems for acheveing greater coordination and by top executives taking responsibility for the dministration of these new systems.Decentralized units are turned into product groups Many staff personnel are hired to control and review line managers Capital expenses are carefully weighed and distributed across the organization Each product group is treated as an investment center Certain technical functions are centralized at headquarters, while daily operating decisions remain decentralized. Stock options and co mpanywide profit sharing are used to encourage identity with the firm as a whole. All these new coordination systems prove useful for achieving growth through more fficient allocation of a company's limited resources.But lack of confidence builds between line and staff and between headquarters and the field. This is where red- tape crisis is created. Organizations have become too large and complex to be managed through formal programs and rigid systems. ase 5: Collaboration The last phase gives importance to strong interpersonal collaboration in order to overcome the red-tape crisis. This evolution phase builds around a flexible and behavioral approach to management. The focus is on solving problems through team action.Teams are combined through task group activity Headquarters staff experts are reduced and are combined into teams to consult with team units Previous formal systems are simplified Educational programs for teamwork and behavioral skills are introduced Team performance becomes more important Experiences in new practices are encouraged The revolution after the 5th stage of evolution is still unclear. Predictions have been made that the employees will eventually become exhausted by the intensity of teamwork and the pressure for innovative solutions.

A Young Athlete Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Young Athlete - Research Paper Example r affection for games amid supplementary things had distinguished them from non-Greeks therefore, solitary Greek populace were permitted to contend in the games. (Camp 2004) In ornamentation, procedure of construction and appearance, Panathenaic amphorae had pursued conventional ethnicity for generations. The Vase in above picture is of 24  ½ in height and as of current situation it is conserved at the Metropolitan Museum of New York. (www.metmuseum.org n.d.) The Vase is carbon dated as of manufactured around 530 B.C. and belonged to the vast culture of Greeks. The painting style of the Amphora above matches with other works of the â€Å"Euphiletos Painter.† (Hyman 2006) The figures on one side of vase materialized as black shadows in opposition to the orange of the fired up clay, the details (fig 1.0) were carved into the beautification prior to firing the sculpture into the Kiln. (Hyman 2006) The rest of the Vase is adorned with slip that transformed into black color when exposed to heat in the kiln. The wholly established black-figure method, with additional crimson and white particulars and notching for sketches and particulars was invented in â€Å"Corinth† at some stage in the early 7th B.C. and lately launched into â€Å"Attica† almost post a gap of generation. (Camp 2004) Subsequently it thrived until the finish of the 6th BC. The â€Å"red-figure method† (Hyman 2006) which was conceived in 530 B.C. overturned this practice by way of the Vases being decorated black and the outlines painted with bright crimson colors, as in the case of above illustrated Vase. On front side of this vase, decorated by the â€Å"Euphiletos Painter† is Athena, â€Å"the Greek goddess of perception, combat, the arts, commerce, honesty and talent† (Gates 1972) equipped with a helmet and shield together with holding in the air a spear which is belligerently tramping to the fore. Beneath the arm of Athena, there is â€Å"the snake-fringed edge of her aegis, the goatskin with the

CAPM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CAPM - Assignment Example CAPM has theoretical limitation, which include impractical assumptions and instability of the beta values. The Arbitrage Pricing Model and Rolls have criticized the theory indicating that it may be unreliable and invalid. This study will examine the theoretical limitations and criticisms of the theory. Theoretical Limitations of the Theory The theory argues that all investors are risk avoiders and that the returns are normally distributed (Ma, 2011). This is not the case because investors are normally risk takers who are willing to make huge returns when their predictions favor them and lose when they fail. Assuming that returns are normally distributed is also unfounded because investors are not usually sure of the yields on their assets (Ma, 2011). The assumption that assets are free from risk is also unrealistic because it is hard to find such stocks in the real world. The theory argues that short-term securities offered by the government are free from hazards because the state as sures investors certain returns on the assets. This is not the case because the risk on the assets is in the form of inflation, which is the instability of prices in the market (Ma, 2011). Inflation leads to the loss of value of money, and this means that, assets also lose their worth when prices rise in the economy. Since money loses its value then it means that investors face the risk of lower returns when their stock matures. For example, when the state pays 10% on its short-term bonds then inflation rises in the country by 2%, investors get 8% returns on their securities in real terms. This means that investors face the risk of inflation, which reduces their earnings. This also indicates that the CAPM model is applicable in an ideal world, an occurrence that is impossible (Ma, 2011). Roll’s Critique of CAPM Roll criticizes the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model equation. The equation is as indicated below: E(Ri) =RF +?i [E(RM) - RF] Where E(Ri) represents the yie ld on security i. RF is the risk free rate of return. Bi is the market risk that security i faces. Roll’s first critique was that the model could not be tested using current data because it is constructed based on historical data. The impossibility of testing the model arises from the fact that it is based on market values of stocks, real estates, jewelers, and labor. Rolls argue that it is impossible to find the market value of this portfolio because no accurate data of these factors exists in reality. Thus, Roll argues that the CAPM cannot be proven right or wrong because of the impossibility of getting accurate data (Ma, 2011). Roll argues that economic models should be easy to test using future data because they simplify the real life. However, according to him, CAPM is complex because of the inability of being tested using future data, and this makes it unreliable. Roll also postulates that it is impossible to get efficient stocks whose values and rates of return have li near relationships ideally (Ma, 2011). Therefore, Rolls argument generally argues that CAPM is unreliable because it has never been tested using real data, and it is still impossible to do so because of uncertainty of prices, which is common in the real world. Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM) The APM addresses the weaknesses of CAPM by doing away with the assumption that the

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management - Research Paper Example Each department may have some specific functions assigned to them. For example, IT department always focus more on the IT functions of the company whereas HR department concentrates on recruitment, retention and development of manpower necessary for the organization. Because of the huge differences in the nature of the jobs undertaken, each department may work in a particular manner within the organizational framework. In other words, it is difficult for the HR department to function same way like the IT department. Management styles and work schedules in both these departments could be different even though these departments are functioning in the same organization. This paper briefly analyses the differences between managing an IT department and a HR/Personnel department in an organization. According to Kahuna (n. d), â€Å"an IT department is just like an army, which needs a good and functional command system†. In his opinion, apart from the talented employees, an IT department requires suitable leadership that is capable of completing the job in time. He has also pointed out that â€Å"slapping a title on someone and thrusting them into fire is no more effective in leading employees in an IT department (Kahuna, p.1). Many of the IT professionals, working in IT departments may have good technical skills, but many of them don’t have good management skills. It is not necessary that a good computer programmer or a system administrator might be a good manager. Organizations, when they appoint professionals for the IT department, focus only on the technical skills of the person rather than his management skills. But, most of the IT jobs require good management skills also apart from the technical skills. For example, teamwork is encouraged in IT departments nowadays. In order to function effectively in a team, an IT professional needs good

Related to Electronic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Related to Electronic Engineering - Essay Example QDF is used to identify critical customer attributes and to create a specific link between customer attributes and design parameters. Matrices are used to organize information to help marketers and design engineers answer three primary questions: What attributes are critical to our customers? What design parameters are important in driving those customer attributes? What should the design parameter targets be for the new design? For QDF process the organising framework is a planning tool called the â€Å"house of Working as a team, design engineers and marketers first establish critical customer attributes for the product. These attributes become the rows of the central matrix of the house of quality. The team may group attributes into broader categories in order to simplify planning and analysis (Wheelwright, 1992). The key benefits obtained by adopting QFD are given below. †¢ Reduced time to market †¢ Reduction in design changes †¢ Decreased design and manufac turing costs †¢ Improved quality †¢ Increased customer satisfaction

In postcolonial contemporary societies there are no longer any Essay

In postcolonial contemporary societies there are no longer any frontiers, only borders'. Critically consider this view and con - Essay Example The colonial states therefore created order within the colonial territories and hence the possibility of conflict emerging between different communities was limited to certain levels due to reduced interaction. This also saw the reduction in the cultural diversity and the exchange of cultural values between different colonial societies. The postcolonial state and the freedom that has been created as a result of revolution within different countries have resulted into different consequences to the society. According to Singh & Schmidt (2009), these consequences are directly or indirectly related to the artificial boundaries that were created by the colonial power. It is important to note that the post colonial and the decolonization movements adopted the boundaries that were created by these colonialists and hence created a nation state. Even though it was imagined that the nation so created is different from the colonial one, it was not different, the nation remained the same through out. The concept of imprisonment within the territories created the state nations through colonial territorial cartographies. It is this state nation that resulted to the creations of borders in which the frontiers territories were lost. However, the creation of borders has resulted into certain benefits within the borders with regard to the interaction with other nation states. However, it has dismantled the order that existed before and hence has resulted to certain adverse impacts. The problems that have been created by the building of the nation states include; the problems of minorities, ethno-nationalism, sub-state nationalism, ethnicities and separatism (French, 2000). All these have resulted from the diversity in the territorial lands that were converted into the nation states. The root causes of all these problems are the increasing interaction between different communities that has increased the vulnerability of conflict. This can be described as globalization often termed as economic globalization which is the increase in the levels of interaction between individuals and other business entities. This has increased the way individuals access information, perform business, transfer information, competition and the general flow of capital in different economies. This has resulted into the positive impacts as well as the negative consequences. Globalization refers to the integration of regional economies, cultures and societies with regard to transportation, communication and trade. The concept also describes the changes that have taken place in the contemporary society with regard to the interaction and socialization process across the world. The society that has gone through this concept is therefore said to be globalized. While many scholars argue that globalization has resulted into the increased benefits, others have taken contrary opinion, stating that this has resulted into more bad than good. The latter school of argument asserts that globalizat ion has increased the possibility of the intra-national conflicts and the international conflicts while reducing intercultural contacts (Steger, 2009). In this context, it is evident that there is increasing concern and debate about the world peace and the international relations. This is because globalization and the creation of the borders have interfered by the territorial system and there is no longer secrecy or

Reflection essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Reflection - Essay Example The State presented the second charge on grounds that it was in general public interest that Bell be kept behind bars. The State supported their information that Bell had been convicted of First degree robbery, Third degree robbery, and possession of narcotics with the intent of selling them (STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. ARNOLD BELL, 2011). The State also presented information that Bell was released on supervision from Court when he was charged with the murder of Fumiati. So, the trial court heard the case for the second charge â€Å"whether the history of Bell conducted was of nature that he should be kept behind bars for an extended period† (STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. ARNOLD BELL, 2011). The trial court decided that it would be of best interest that Bell be kept behind bars for an extended period under 53a-35a. Bell appealed to this decision of the court claiming that it had violated his basic constitutional rights and that it was under the jury to decide whether to prolong the sentence rather than the trial court. The court agreed to Bell’s claim that it was indeed unconstitutional and remanded the second part of the case for a new hearing. The remand trial was unsuccessful as the jury failed to come up to a unanimous verdict, so a new trial was ordered. Bell asked for the second charge to be lifted on grounds that it was unconstitutional. On the new trial, both parties presented their justifications however, the jury concluded that there was sufficient evidence that Bell was guilty of crime and should serve a prolong sentence in view of public interest i.e. forty years imprisonment. The case’s decision on the first part i.e. the defendant was found guilty of murder and crime was justified as sufficient evidence was provided by the State on the matter. The trial court’s decision on the second part was indeed unconstitutional, and it needed the consent of the jury to prolong

The King of Pop VS The King of Rock N Roll Essay

The King of Pop VS The King of Rock N Roll - Essay Example Another artist who gained fame from his ability to entertain the audience with passionate dancing moves is Elvis Presley. The eye-popping dancing moves displayed by both Jackson and Elvis resulted to them being crowned as king of Pop and Rock N Roll respectively. Therefore, the essay will seek to provide detailed comparison between Jackson and Elvis with respect to their dancing power as well as their contribution towards musical dancing styles. The fame and popularity of both Jackson and Elvis resulted from their ability to drive their audience wild. Since the two artists specialized in different genres, their dancing styles also varied. Taking a look at the Jackson, he managed to cement his name not only as the king of Pop music but also the master of dance floor (Steve Huey). Jackson managed to increase the number of his followers following his ability to display extra ordinary dancing moves. He could make slicker glide accompanied with snappier heel leading to fine and smooth moonwalk dancing moves. Despite being a talented singer, Jackson had mastered ways of spinning around his dancing move and then slotting it into the beats as if it is a musical riff (Roy). While his audience surrendered as he ruled the stage, his taut and perfectly rhythmic dancing moves totally changed various aspects of his music videos. The style, story, the value of production and audience to Jackson’s music videos were greatly impacted by iconic dancing moves. The smooth formation drills as well as gravity-defying lean and crotch-grab are among the ground breaking dancing moves that have greatly shaped the modern Pop culture (Roy). The dancing moves by Jackson have had lasting impacts in the field of entertainment. Endless examples can be witnessed in the dances employed by film stars in Bollywood as well as sharply choreographed bands in the early 1990s. While Jackson can be

Amoco Cadiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Amoco Cadiz - Essay Example It persisted in the form of asphalt crust and continued rescinding marine life. The spill affected vacationer’s shores at Plougasnou and rock beaches of Perros-Guirec and Tregastel. The rough sea contributed to the rapid emulsification of water and oil, which further convoluted the cleanup scuffles making the sea wary forever. Devastatingly, fishermen continued fishing despite the sheer fact that fish had developed skin tumors and ulcerations (Patrick, 1982). Despite destroying marine ecosystem, the tragedy transpired through the food chain into human beings and affected several generations. Two weeks after Amoco Cadiz grounded, its effects were felt far-flung and evident. Simmering with indignation, inhabitants of injured communities initiated a frantic battle against the mischance (Patrick,1982). Despite the French media’s attempt to verbose the apocalyptic images of the enormous oil slick, the entire nation was traumatized with the tragedy. Astilleros, the manufacturer, was indicted under the tort of negligence where the affected local communities and the government received 190 million euros after 14 years of multifaceted proceedings. The significant effects of the tragedy gave the French government an inordinate opportunity to review its Polmar Plan (oil response strategy), to create Cedre, and acquired Polmar stocks. This was in an effort to curb future marine accidents and augment environmental fortification and

Employment Story Essay Example for Free

Employment Story Essay I first joined the army in 1996 and have been part of what most soldiers probably considers as the most important unit of any command, the Food Supply Unit. My battlefield is the kitchen where I rose from the ranks where my army soldier rank promotions became commensurate to my rise in the kitchen ranks. When I became Private First Class in 98, I also earned the title of First Cook. 2001 saw me become a Staff Sergeant on the field and a Senior First Cook in the Mess Kitchen. Currently, I am now Sergeant First Class and serving as the Dining Facility Manager as well. Being a Dining Facility Manager is not an easy job. I have to know how to manage twenty-five people and multi task between meal planning, cooking, and food distribution at base camp and on the field. Sometimes, it can turn into a real headache, especially when I have to accomplish the job in a war zone situation. I have done everything from planning meal drops to soldiers on the field, preparing the commanding officers meals, and when unavoidable, I can plan wedding receptions for my comrades who get married on base camp as well. I believe that I have served both my country and my fellow soldiers well. Together with my unit, I have done duty on two peace keeping missions as well as served in the war. I know that a soldier cannot fight on an empty stomach that is why my priority on the battle field is to make sure that all the units are well fed regardless of the combat situation. When somebody offers me a new job, I always tell that person the story about how I got to combine my two passions in the world into one very important job. Ive always been a patriot and a cook at heart. Working in the army has allowed me to live my dream job. That is to serve and protect my country and the free world while cooking up a storm and learning new recipes while serving on the field.

Customer Relationship Strategy Case Study: Sainsburys

Customer Relationship Strategy Case Study: Sainsburys Research background: This research paper is focused strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship. In this research paper we will go through the different methods implemented by Sainsbury to gain relation with a customer. In todays global market relationship management had gained a lot of importance in every  business. The customer relationship is not confined with service industry, now a days  manufacturing industries too fallowing good relationship with their customers. The customer relationship management is applied by most of organizations because customer is the king in every business and he is the centre point to provide the revenue to a organization. Customer relationship management is a transparent wall between the customer and organization. Customer relationship will be measured based on the loyalty presenting by customer. So now going to discuss about the strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship 3. Organization background: Sainsbury is a super market which will operates its business in retail sector from the year 1869. Sainsburys is started by james and Mary Ann Sainsburys. The growth and development of the Sainsbury was increased rapidly and leads to one of the major player in the retailers of UK. It started from single shop and now grown up to 900 retail outlets in the UK. It performs its business operations with 180,000 employees. Sainsburys is the first supermarket which came in market with their own products like soft drinks, food materials and glossaries. It is one of supermarket which provides it services by online and the customer in the store is also given the chance to bill their products. The major competitors of the Sainsbury are TESCO and ASDA. In the part of business, store deals with different range of products for all class of people in the society. Sainsbury maintains good customer relations. Pest Analysis of Sainsbury Political Factors Taxation Sainsbury will get taxed based on their taxation code provided by the governing  bodies of taxation. Salary The employees are paid highly when compared to the other supermarkets.   Working hours They will give only 2 hours per school children and 20 hours for the  people aged above 18. They follow equal employment and wages act and they provide more health and safety to  employees. Economical Factors- Inflation Rates Unemployment Levels Income Labour laws Skill level of work force Social Factors Demographic Trends Level of education Culture living styles Lifestyles and Attitudes Technological factors Online shopping facility Self checkout tills Widespread availability and high speed broadband internet Electronic Data Interchange 4. Rational for the chosen topic: It is decided to research on the above topic, because of academic, personal and business perspectives. In academic carrier, research proposal study is very appropriate subject for course and my future purpose .This research paper is focused strategy fallowed by Sainsbury to maintain customer relationship. In this research paper we will go through the different methods implemented by Sainsbury to gain relation with a customer. In todays global market Customer relationship management (CRM) is one of the important  tactics to gain the relation between consumer and organisation. Customer relationship  management will leads to the enhancement of popularity of the organization in the global  market. In todays market many of the organisations are implementing this customer  relationship management because customer is the centre point at every business. From the  past records organisation came to single opinion i.e. which organisation has good relation  with it customer will survive for long period in the market. 5. Literature review: According to (Mike Hoots), Customer relationship management is implemented by most of  organizations to know the potential customers of their business and their requirements  expecting from organization side. The organization position in the global market may defined by the customer relations and  their satisfaction. In todays scenarios customer is the king and he is one and only option for  generating the revenue to the business. Customer plays a key role in almost of all the  industries which are service and manufacturing. The organization which is having good  customer satisfaction and excellent customer relationship will gain the business from the  market and the growth of that particular organization will be more when compared with other  organizations which are giving less priority to customer relationship. 6. Research questions: According to the reviewed literatures, they all mentioned that the important of customer satisfaction programme and in which ways it is gained in an organisation. But they did not discover that how the customer satisfaction programmes and customer satisfaction draws a path to a organisation toward success. Thus, this research proposal proposes to analyse to answer these questions: 1. What are the key activities included into Customer relationship management? 2. What are the customer services provided towards customer satisfaction? 3. To what extent does the Customer relationship management contribute to Sainsbury financial success? 7. Research objectives: Objectives of this research paper are to present the evidence for some of the questions and to  gain theoretical knowledge on whats customer relationship management and its effects on  the business. Find out Sainsburys improvement in customer satisfaction and its relationship with existing customers? What are the best approaches to gain a relationship with a loyalty customer? What are the influences of customer relationship on the Sainsburys business and its  development? What are the important strategies implementing by Sainsbury in customer relationship  management to return to its old market position in the retail sectors? 8. Methodologies: Methodology Exploratory research method chosen for this research paper Exploratory research will present the relationship which is existing between two different  variables. Before starting with exploratory research we shall know about the advantages in  taking this kind of research method and how it is more helpful than the other research  methods. Exploratory defines the relationship between the two distinct factors and it will be more  convenient method for this research. This research method is very flexible for providing a  understanding during the decision problems and opportunities. This research method will  help in grabbing the strategy fallowed by sainsburys for gaining the relationship with the  existing customers and to attract the new customers from the global market Sainsbury and customer relationship management are the two distinct variables in this  research paper. This research will goes on what are the different strategies fallowed by  Sainsbury to maintain good customer relationship. Exploratory research will be comfortable  method to carry this research. Data is gathering from either sides of the organization. Inside of a organisation data is  collected from employees and from the customers of Sainsbury That to data is collected from  the employees who are involved in maintaining customer relationship management. Data is  gathered by introducing myself to the customer and explaining the objective of the project  and later had chat about the satisfaction and impression on the organization. Due to casual chat with customer and enquired by about some important things like cost, quality and services providing and finally collecting the information from employees about the customer number of visits to that particular shop Later i followed the passive style, in which i observed reactions of the customers for the  services providing by the employees in the Sainsburys. This research paper is mainly focused to gain a brief understanding about the customer  behaviour; this study was done more qualitative rather than quantitative research. Qualitative  method was carried based on three types which are mentioned below. Face to face interview Semi-structured interview Passive style Face to face Interview- The face to face interview was done with topic related employees in  the Sainsburys and later conducting a interview to a customer directly. This face to face  interview is also called as In-depth interview. Semi-structured interview this is same as face to face interview but i distributed the pre-questionnaire concerning about the interview. Passive style- Passive style is the process of observing the customers without informing them. The customers are identified secretly when the employees are providing service. Apart from the three methods, fallowed the survey method. In the survey method i went through the secondary data like, company website, news papers  and the articles related to the Sainsbury. In this research paper the data collected through both quantitative and qualitative methods. In  the quantitative method the data is in the form of numbers and which is collected by using the questionnaire. The qualitative data which provides the information in the form of description  which is collected by conducting the interview to customers and the employees of  Sainsburys. This research paper needs a detail study so sample questionnaire is supplied to the existing and new customers of Sainsbury and even collected the information orally by asking about the services provided by Sainsbury. Data collection: When conducting data collection, the un structured interviews will be used with Tescos employees and customers to evaluate customer loyalty programme and investigate the customer perspectives. The data concern with perspectives like thinking, satisfaction and believes. To collect these qualitative data, un structured interviews will be suitable than other methods. Because, we can not have predetermined questions for the perspective which might change for place to place as well as person to person. That is why it is decided to conduct un structured interviews. The data will be collected with selected sample units by asking one or two opening questions and conversations for ten or fifteen minutes. The questions will interact with some matters, for example, why Tesco introduced loyalty card?, why the customer prefer often to shopping in Tesco?, how the customers fell when using loyalty card in Tesco?, what are the other services provided to customer? Is the loyalty programme useful to customer? At the mean time, do Tesco achieve its purposes by that programme? This interview will be conducted once a week for five weeks in the Tesco in London. Every time will choose different areas for research; this is because the answers of customers will vary from place to place. And 3 sample units will be selected to investigate each time. 6. Data Analysis: The collected data from fifteen sample units by interviews, will be analysed to accomplish the objective of research proposal. The obtained qualitative data such as opinions, satisfaction and believes will be analysed to decide that really the customer loyalty programme brings customer satisfaction as well as customer satisfaction brings financial success for Tesco within competitive market in UK. References Alan Bryman Emma Bell,2007, Business Research Methods, second edition, Oxford  University press, UK. Mc Burney White, 2007, Research methods, eighth edition, wadsworth cengage learning,  USA. John gill and Phil Johnson, 1991, Research methods for managers, first edition, paul chapman  publishing ltd, UK. AD Jankowicz,2000, Business Research projects, third edition, Thomson learning, UK. Judith Bell, 2008, Doing your Research project, fourth edition, open university press, MC  Graw hill education. UK. www.sainsburys.co.uk, 2010, Sainsbury company overview, (Online), Available from URL   http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=12, Accessed on 27th -03-2010. www2.sainsburys.co.uk, 2010, customer and marketing, (Online), Available from URL-  http://www2.sainsburys.co.uk/aboutus/recruitment/Store+Support+Centre/Custo mer+and+Marketing/Customer+and+Marketing+Overview.htm, Accessed on 01-04-2010.a www.thisislondon.co.uk, 2008, Sainsbury defies the City with yet more sales growth,  (Online), Available from URL-http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard- business/article-23496207-sainsbury-defies-the-city-with-yet-more-sales-growth.do, Accessed on 02-04-2010. www.oppapers.com, 2010, Customer relationship management, (Online), Available from  URL-http://w ww .oppapers .com/es s ays /Cus tomer- R elationship-Management/189988, Accessed on 07-04-2010. www.rgis.com, 2010, Sainsbury overview, (Online), Available from URL-  http://www.rgis.com/assets/pdfs/casestudies/Sainsbury_Case_Study.pdf, accessed  on 09th-04-2010. Corporate Strategy: Financial Strategy and Cultural Effects Corporate Strategy: Financial Strategy and Cultural Effects Introduction The objectives of this paper are two-fold: first, the paper looks at the role of financial strategy in an organisation, the risks faced by an entity and how these risks affect the financial strategy; second, the paper provides a discussion in relation to whether cultural factors have an impact on corporate strategy, as well as whether it is beneficial for an organisation to be ethical. The paper begins by looking at financial strategy and organisational risks. It will later consider cultural and ethical issues. The role of financial Strategy in an Organisation. Financial strategy can be defined as the practices adopted by a firm to achieve its financial objectives. (Harvey, 2004). According to Calandro and Flynn (2007) â€Å"financial strategy can be defined as an interdisciplinary methodology to more efficiently allocate resources within a firm to better or more economically satisfy customer preferences over time†. The later definition stresses the need for customer satisfaction indicating that shareholder value creation depends on customer satisfaction. Although an organisation’s overall objective is shareholder value maximisation, it can only achieve this through high levels of customer satisfaction because it is only through high levels of sales that profit can be generated and high levels of sales can only be achieved through high levels of customer satisfaction. The main financial objective of a profit-making entity is to maximise shareholder value. (Ogilvie, 2005). Shareholder value is measured by the returns shareholders receive each year, represented by the dividend received each year, plus the capital gains from capital appreciation, which is measured by the growth in the share price of the entity. In addition to maximising shareholder value an organisation may have other objectives such as satisfactory returns, high sales levels, high level of customer satisfaction, etc. (Ogilivie, 2005; Calandro and Flynn, 2007). Kaplan and Norton (1996) identify three different stages for a business and note that each of these stages has its own unique financial objectives. The three stages include: (1) rapid growth; (2) sustain; and (3) harvest. (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). At the rapid growth phase the financial objective will be to achieve sales growth, achieve sales in new markets and to new customers, achieve sales from new products and services, maintain adequate spending level for product and process development, establish new marketing, sales and distribution channels. At the sustain phase the organisation will emphasize traditional financial performance measurements, such as return on capital employed, operating income and gross margin. Standard discounted cash flows and capital budgeting analysis will be used to appraise investments although some companies may emphasise the use of more recent appraisal techniques such as economic value added and shareholder value added. At the harvest phase, the main financial objective will be to achieve sustainable levels of cash inflows, in which case any investment project must have immediate and certain cash paybacks. (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Financial strategy constitutes three main stages, which are temporarily linked in a financial feedback loop as shown in figure 1 below. These stages include: (1) strategy formulation; (2) resource allocation; and (3) performance measurement. An important aspect of strategy formulation is strategic planning, which according to Myers (1984) involves the process of deciding how to commit the firm’s resources across different lines of business. Based on the above discussion, one can observe that financial strategy plays an important role in an organisation. It enables the organisation to formulate its strategy, determine how to allocate its resources and enables the company to measure its performance. Financial strategy enables an entity to make an assessment of its financial needs, the sources of support required to meet its objectives and fulfil its mission while at the same time planning for growth and stability. Financial strategy is an indispensible prerequisite for the formulation and development of the budget. Organisations often face a number of risks. These include liquidity risks, interest rate risk, business risks, financial risks, etc. these risks may affect the financial strategy in a number of ways. Financial risk for example is the risk that the company may be unable to meet its commitments to repay interests and principal repayments on its long-term financial obligations. The effect of such a risk on the financial strategy is that the company will emphasise the use of internally generated funds and equity to finance long-term projects rather than issue bonds or other long-term debt securities. Interest rate risk may also affect the firm’s capital structure decision in that perceived high levels of interest rates on long-term debt may reduce the company’s motivation to use debt financing. Foreign exchange rate risk may affect the company’s prospects to expand production abroad, as well as the currency denomination of foreign contracts and sales. Liquidity risks may affect the company’s short-term borrowing. The presence of high liquidity risk may warrant the company to resort to a just-in-time inventory system, reduce short-term debtors by maintaining more strict short-term credit policies and factoring of accounts receivables. Effect of Cultural Factors on Corporate Strategy Andrews (1997: p. 52) defines corporate strategy as â€Å"the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organisation it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities†. Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). The definition of corporate strategies emphasises the need for the organisation to satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders if the organisation is to achieve is overall objective of maximising shareholder value. Stakeholders include employees, customers and the communities in which the organisation operates. Employees, customers and communities therefore have a significant impact on the success of the organisation and thus on the corporate strategy of the organisation. In formulating corporate strategy, organisations need to identify and priorities strategic issues, which involves scanning, selecting, interpreting and validating information. (Schneider, 1989) To properly formulate its corporate strategy, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. (Hofer and Schendel, 1984) cited in Schneider, (1998). This indicates that an organisation must perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis prior to formulating corporate strategy. A number of factors have been identified as having an effect on corporate strategy formulation: for example, Kets de Vries and Miller (1984) suggest that managerial personality and experience is an important determinant of the strategy formulation process; Janis (1972) considers group dynamics as an important factor affecting the formulation of corporate strategy while Frederickson (1984); Lyles and Mitroff (1985) suggest that organisational structure plays an important role in strategy formulation. Schneider (1998) citing Schein (1985) notes that National culture could play an important role in strategy formulation as it derives from assumptions regarding relationships with the environment as well as relationships among people. Schneider (1998) argues that these assumptions will influence how information is gathered and how that information is interpreted within the organization. The strategy formulation process can therefore not be considered ‘culture-free’ because information is embedded in social norms and acquires symbolic value as a function of a particular set of beliefs in a particular set of cultures. (Feldman and March, 1981). There are considerable differences in cultures across countries. Culture is defined as â€Å"a system of shared assumptions that has developed over time to solve problems of environmental adaptation and internal integration†. (Schneider,, 1998: p. 152) citing Schein (1985); Van Maanen and Barley (1983). Culture is expected to affect the process by which the environment is known and responded to because it is thought to influence the way people perceive, think, feel and evaluate. (Schneider,, 1998). There are two sets of cultural assumptions that are thought to be specifically relevant to the formulation of corporate strategy. These include external adaptation and internal integration. (Schneider, 1998). On the one hand, external adaptation refers to the relationship with the environment while internal integration on the other hand refers to the relationships among people. The forgoing indicates that cultural factors have a significant effect on corporate strategy and thus calls for a critical consideration of cultural differences especially for multinational companies that usually operate in a number of different countries with varying degrees of culture. A company therefore stands to gain a lot from being ethical. Companies that are perceived as being unethical may suffer from declining sales and thus declining profit margins. There are also differences as far as ethical issues are concerned. What may be considered unethical in one country may be considered ethical in another country. For example, Muslim communities do not eat pork meat and thus will consider a company that attempts to market pork related products as contravening their cultural believes. In addition there are considerable differences in relation to organisational hierarchy across countries. In countries where power distance is considered very important, information is likely to flow only from top to bottom and not from bottom to top. In addition, an autocratic form of leadership is likely to prevail in such societies. On the contrary, in a country where power distance is considered less important, there would be a two way flow of information and a democratic leadership style is likely to prevail. For example, Motorola faced a number of problems when it expanded its activities to South Korea. (Siegal et al., 2007). In like manner IKEA, the giant furniture dealer faced difficulties when it expanded its activities into the United States. (Grol et al., 1998). BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews K. (1997). Resources and Strategy: A Reader, edited by Nicolai J. Foss. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198781792, 9780198781790 Calandro, J. Jr., Flynn, R. (2007). â€Å"On Financial Strategy†, Business Strategy Series, vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 409-417. Harvey G. (2004) â€Å"Financial strategy† available online at: http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Financial+strategy Grol, PC, Schoch, C, CPA. (1998). IKEA: managing cultural diversity. In Cases in International Organizational Behavior. Oddou G, Mendenhall M (eds.). Blackwell: Malden MA; 88-112. Janis, I. L. (1972) â€Å"Victims of groupthink†, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (1996), â€Å"Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy†, California Management Review, vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 53-79. Feldman, M. S., and J. G. March (1981) â€Å"Information in organizations as signal and symbol†, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 26, pp. 171-186. Fredrickson, J. W. (1984) â€Å"The comprehensive of strategic decision processes: extension, observations, future directions†, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 445-466. Kets de Vries, M. F. R., and D. Miller (1984) â€Å"The neurotic organization†. San Francisco : Jossey Bass. Lyles, M. A., and I. I. Mitroff (1980) â€Å"Organizational problem formulation:  an empirical study†. Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 25, pp. 102-119. Myers, S. C. (1984). â€Å"Finance theory and financial strategy†, INTERFACES, vol. 14 No. 1 pp. 126-137 Ogilvie, J. (2005). Financial Strategy, Butterworth-Heinemann ISBN 0750664894, 9780750664899 Schneider S. C. (1989), â€Å"Strategy Formulation: The Impact of National Culture†, Organization Studies, vol. 10, pp. 149-168. Siegel, J. I., Licht, A. N., Schwartz S H. (2007). Egalitarianism, Cultural Distance, and FDI: A New Approach available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=957306

The rhyme scheme of Sonnet 65

The rhyme scheme of Sonnet 65 In Sonnet 65, Shakespeare shows us very little hope that beauty will be able to endure the forces of time and mortality.   By the end of the poem, the author explains that the only place beauty will be immortalized is in his writing.   In making his point, it appears Shakespeare merely poses several emotionally driven, rhetorical questions, however these questions are logically coherent.   By the poems end, these questions lead the speaker and reader to an acceptable solution for the preservation of beauty. The rhyme scheme of this poem (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG) separates the fourteen-line sonnet into three quartets and one final couplet.   By posing seven consecutive questions without any solution, the author creates a grave sense of despair.   Not until the couplet is the reader exposed to a shimmer of hope.   Each cluster of lines, utilizing different sentence structure, fits into the logical progression of the poem.   In the first quartet, which is the first sentence as well, the speaker asks us to consider how well beauty will be able to fair against mortality.   If stone, earth, sea, and brass all fall victim to mortality, how then will beauty be able to last?   He uses legal terms like hold a plea, which in modern English changes to the term make a case.   When contemplating his second question, the speaker changes from metaphors based on legal images to metaphors of war and belligerence.   Time is presented as a wreckful siege of battering days.   Once again, the despair is heightened because of the hopeless situation into which beauty is placed.   The speaker asks if rocks and gates of steel cannot withstand time, will beauty be able to last?   Adding to the despair of Sonnet 65, in these first two quartets, Shakespeare presents beauty as a delicate and meek object, and contrasts it with fiercer imagery.   Beauty, represented as a flower and summers honey-breath, is positioned within the same sentence as a boundless sea, gates of steel, and rocks impregnable, among others. When moving from the first to the second question, Shakespeare flips the sentence structure.   In sentence one, the objects beauty is being compared with (earth, stone, etc.) are placed first, then the force that will destroy beauty (mortality) is noted, followed by the sentence kernel (beauty hold a plea), and finally the sentence kernels modifiers.   In the second question, the kernel is placed first (summers honey-breath hold out), followed by a metaphor for time (wreckful siege), then the forces beauty is being compared with, and finally the ruinous force (time) is noted.   Up to now, the speaker has used the entire quartet to pose a single question.   In the final quartet, three questions will be asked within the space of four lines.   Shakespeare begins the final quartet with an interjection, O fearful meditation! (such scary thoughts), referring to the outrageous opposition beauty must face, as mentioned in the first two quartets.   He has posed two questions thus far, and has offered no insight on answering them.   Another three rhetorical questions, logically interlocked with the preceding eight lines, are asked in this final quartet.   These questions are designed to deepen the tone of despair until we are given any definite solution in the final couplet. The first question Shakespeare presents is, . . . where, alack, Shall Times best jewel from Times chest lie hid?   The immediately striking wording in this clause is Times best jewel.   Literally, the most outstanding creation that has ever existed is beauty.   Time and beauty, especially in the second quartet, have been suggested to be opposing forces.   Time, thus far in the sonnet, is the force that is trying to ruin beauty.   Now we see that time is the very force that is responsible for the creation and destruction of beauty; beauty exists because of and within times power. Shakespeare chose chest as the speaker tries to determine where beauty will finally find safety.   Throughout this sonnet, and especially in this quartet, words with multiple denotations are used to increase the complexity of the poem.   Chest, on one level, can refer to the chest of a human being.   (We have already seen time personified with pronouns like his, and on line 11, time is given a human appendage: a foot.)   Shakespeare means that beauty will finally reach safety when it is wrapped in times arm and nestled in his chest.   Chest, on another level, can be interpreted as a box where items of reverence can be stored in safekeeping.   Moving on logically with the idea of mortality and death in the first quartet, a chest is the coffin that beauty is seeking to avoid. Another question Shakespeare poses in this quartet is, Or who his spoil of beauty can forbid?   Once again, the author is personifying the concept of time by using the pronoun his.   The most literal meaning of this question is along the lines of: who will be able to prevalent the destruction of beauty?   However, spoil has two other meanings that relate to the context of Sonnet 65.   The first plays on the war metaphor in the second quartet.   The spoils of war refer to objects seized in battle.    In the second quartet, time was described in terms of a wreckful siege.   Shakespeare has already asserted that time and beauty quarrel.   Now, unless someone or some force intervenes, beauty will be lost like treasure that has been seized in battle.   Moreover, spoil can refer to a plot of land that has become unserviceable in some way.   Metaphorically, beauty has been compared to a delicate flower and the honey-breath of summer, which is the sweet smell of blossoming flowers.   If the ground is ruined, flowers, or beauty, cannot flourish. The remaining question Shakespeare asks in this quartet is, Or what strong hand can hold his swift foot back?   Two key phrases should be examined in this line.   The first is his swift foot.   In acquiring a human foot, time is further personified.   More importantly, he is saying that time is swift moving.   The image of the foot here creates an image of a running person.    Either the speaker is fearful that time, as it runs, will trample and destroy this beauty, or that time, passing by very quickly, will overlook beauty and forget it.   In the other important phrase, the speaker is searching for a strong hand that can hold back the foot (of time).   On a most literal level, the strong hand is the image of a human hand capable of restraining the foot that is about to kick or trample beauty.   On another level, he can be looking to his writing hand as the hand that allows beauty to endure.   In either case, he is desperately searching for a way to avoid devastation. In the final rhymed couplet, the speaker discloses the solution on how beauty can be preserved.   Shakespeare knows that beauty cannot survive forever as a living being or as an idea in his head.   The only way it can endure is through his writing, therefore he claims, O, none unless this miracle have might, That in black ink my love will still shine bright.   Nothing can prevent the ruination of beauty but this poem.   First, Shakespeare affirms the notion on line 11 that the hand capable to hold back the swift foot of time will in fact be his writing hand.   Beauty will last in the black ink he uses to jot this verse.   All other preceding questions have been answered.   Placing himself at the level of God, Shakespeare asserts that he has a power that ranges over divine forces like time and mortality.   And no one has the ability to preserve beauty like he. There is uncertainty as to whether beauty refers to a specific person, or to the feeling of being in love.   I believe, with a poem as emotionally driven as this, and by comparing beauty to the scent of summer (the feeling of a summer fling), Shakespeare is speaking not about an individual, but about being in love.   However, there will always be much debate on this topic.      Shakespeare poses several emotionally driven, rhetorical questions, however these questions are logically coherent.   By posing seven consecutive questions without any solution, the author creates a grave sense of despair.  Despair is heightened because of the hopeless situation into which beauty is placed.   Time, for most of the sonnet, is the force that is trying to ruin beauty.  Shakespeare repeatedly personifies the concept of time by using the pronoun his.   But later on the reader is made aware that time is the very force that is responsible for the creation and destruction of beauty .Words with multiple denotations are used by Shakespeare to increase the complexity of the poem.   By making use of innovative literary devices, Shakespeare creates definitive meaning of beauty and time, intertwined with a sense of complete despair.

The Negative Effects of Media on Society Essay -- Television, Video Ga

Children are exposed to the negative effects of the media every day. Shows such as Bad Girls’ Club and Real World serve as poor role models for young people. There are many steps parents and guardians can take to lessen or completely stop the influence. Parents and guardians should offer children proper supervision, plenty of play, and education to shield them from the negative effects of the media. A very effective way to keep children from the negative influences of the media is to properly supervise. Overly excessive interaction with violent movies, music, and video games can influence a child’s behavior. Becoming media literate may help gain control. Parents should know what kind of media children are interested in and should keep them from watching any inappropriate material, and all programs should be age appropriate. Most television shows and movies announce the age preferences at the beginning of the program. Parents should be aware and strictly limit your children, also â€Å"limit children’s total media time (with entertainment media) to no more than 1 to 2 hours of quality programming per day† (Shelov and Bar-on, par. 9). Children who watch a lot of television can end up doing poorly in school. This should give them time to do more productive activities with their free time. Caregivers should pay careful attention to the shows school children are viewing. They should approve only programs that are â€Å"informational, educational, and nonviolent† (Shelov and Bar-on, par. 9). Caregivers should watch television programs along with young people. Also, they should discuss the content of a program with the children. (Shelov and Bar-on, par. 9). I remember growing up in my grandparents’ home, where we spent quality time together, wa... ...(â€Å"Achieve a Balance, 32). Although, my team mates and I disagreed on many things, the game taught us to come together and talk it through until we came to an agreement. â€Å"By giving children a way to expend their energy, sports can be a vehicle to achieve peace† (â€Å"Achieve a Balance†, 32). These three steps can help parents, guardians, and all other caregivers bring peace and serenity to a child’s life. All the wrong television shows, music, and video games can be damaging beyond repair. Music by artists such as Gucci Mane and Wocka Flocka can teach your child that bad habits such as smoking marijuana can be okay. Video games such as Grand Theft Auto and Saints Row may teach your child that they can get away with any crime and that gang violence is acceptable. Starting your child off early with healthy activities can benefit you and your child in the future.

Contrasting Shakespeares Richard with the Historical Figure Essay exam

There are two Richards: the Machiavellian monster created by Shakespeare and the historical figure who many historians claim is a much-maligned innocent man. So is Richard the sinner or the one sinned against? How can we decide? Is a decision even possible? In Shakespeare's play Richard III, Richard describes himself as a deformed malcontent in the opening soliloquy. (Shakespeare often uses physical deformity to mirror an evil mind.) I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion, Cheated of feature by dissembling nature, Deformed, unfinish'd, sent before my time Into this breathing world, scarce half made up, ... And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, To entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain And hate the idle pleasures of these days. (1.1.18-31) Many historians, on the other hand, have a different view of the man. For instance, in the 1956 biography Richard the Third, Paul Murray Kendall describes Richard based on contemporary writings and two well-known portraits of the King. Most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence of these portraits that Richard had no noticeable bodily deformity, and establish him as a thin, frail man of a little less than normal height. (537) The most heinous crime that the Tudors (the kings who succeeded Richard to the throne) accused Richard of committing was the murder of his nephews-Edward V and Richard, Duke of York-the sons of his brother, the former king, Edward IV. How seriously should we take this accusation? What evidence supports it? Kendall writes, "If we take 'evidence' to mean testimony that would secure a verdict in a court of law, there is no evidence that he [Rich... ...ing skills that will lead to success both in school and in life. Works Cited Fields, Bertram. Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes. New York: ReganBooks, 1998. Kendall, Paul Murray. Richard the Third. New York: Norton, 1983. - - - . Richard III: The Great Debate. New York: Norton, 1992. Looking for Richard. Dir. Al Pacino. Perf. Al Pacino, Alec Baldwin, Aidan Quinn, Winona Ryder, and Kevin Spacey. Videocassette. Fox, 1996. The Missing Princes of England. Dir. Melissa Jo Peltier. Narr. David Ackroyd. Videocassette. New Video Group, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Richard III. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1996. Tey, Josephine. The Daughter of Time. New York: Scribner, 1988. Weir, Alison. The Princes in the Tower. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.

The Victim In A New Light :: essays research papers

Upon first reading Aurthur Miller’s The Crucible, it would be easy to mistake Abigail Williams for the key player. When the story is examined, the antagonist is clearly John Proctor. Proctor was the soul inspiration for nearly every act following the dancing in the woods and the second half of the play is very dependant on him. Though John Proctor appears very simple in the beginning of the play, the reader soon discovers there is much more motivating him. He is very confused and tormented by guilt and suspicion. He seduced a young girl and later seemed oblivious to the cause of her obsession with him. He manipulated everyone around him. Acting on his constant indecision and half-hearted whims destroyed everything around him and many of the other characters in the play. Although most of his influence occurred in the exposition, his misleading corruption of Abigail, and then his sudden rejection of her, drove her to the extremes expressed in The Crucible. The confused, love-struck Abigail was simply doing what she felt was necessary to possess the object of her affections. Without John Proctor, the second half of the play would be non-existent. The girls would have tired of accusing witches and the plot would have died quickly. Abigail wouldn’t have had the dedication and passion in seeing Elizabeth accused. The trials would have never become as intense and concrete. John Proctor is a well hidden and underlying antagonist. In the story he may appear to be a victim, and many side with him believing that Abigail should be faulted with the severity of the situation. But Abigail is the victim of lust and deceit. Proctor took advantage of her and when he saw it convenient, he attempted to dispose of her. The stubborn and dedicated Abigail had faith and pursued his hidden affections. She knew that beneath the cold faà §ade he still kept the same desires as she. So is she really to blame for seeking it? John Proctor is the only character in the play that causes his own downfall.

Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism

Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism Evolutionary biology and Creationism are both alike and different in many ways. Evolutionary biology is known as an â€Å"interdisciplinary field†. That is because it is known to include scientists from a wide range of both field and lab oriented disciplines. Evolutionary biology includes scientist who have special training in mammalogy, ornithology, and herpetology. Creationism only has one creator, which is God. God is the one and only scientist and creator of Creationism. Of course evolution plays a major role in both evolutionary biology and creationism. The common definition used for evolution is, â€Å"evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. † One way evolution plays a major role in evolutionary biology is because the many scientists in the fields of evolutionary biology use the organisms from their field to answer general questions of evolution. Evolution plays a major role in creationism because creationism is all about how God created everything such as humanity, the Earth, the sun, and universe. Evolution is how the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next, and God created everything in creationism, which affected everything from past generations, and still affects change to this generation. In evolution, mutations; which are said to be â€Å"changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism† can produce new or altered traits in individuals in genes. A gene is usually defined to be a region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic. Natural selection is also known to be, â€Å"a process by which heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction while harmful traits become rarer. † Natural selection usually happens when a person with a more advantage with their traits are more likely to reproduce successfully, so more people in the next generation inherit the traits. I personally believe that without Creationism there would be no such thing as evolution. I believe that there would be nothing without creationism, because as said in the definition; â€Å"Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the earth, and the universe were created by God. † If I had to choose between creationism and evolution, I would definitely choose creationism because like I said before; I believe that there would be nothing if god did not create all of the beautiful things he created.

Coca Cola Auditing Project

AIM 6334 analyseing and bureau Service Research Project pic Li-chung lee Kung Ya Cheng Jui-Ping Lin Table of Contents I. conception. P. 34 II. Ch 1 The lymph gland espousal/continuation process, including establishing an sense with the lymph glandP. 45 III. Ch2 Obtaining an sagaciousness of the entity and its milieu, including natural view as. P. 56 IV. Ch3 preliminary exam Engagement get alongivities P. 6 V. Ch4 esteem assay and Establish bodilyity.. P. 78 VI.Ch5 Consider immanent biddingP. 911 VII. Ch6 intention the examine.. P. 1114 VIII. Ch7 pure(a) the Audit.. P. 15 IX. Ch8 Evaluate results and act an scrutinize tell. P. 16 X. computing device addressP. 17 XI. Attachments.. P. 1823 I. Introduction The coca- locoweed come with (Symbol KO) was incorporated in family line 1919 under the laws of the State of Delawargon and succeeded to the air of a Georgia corporation with the same realize that had been organized in 1892.The corporation is the effec tr, distributer and marter of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. Finished beverage products bearing its trademarks, sell in the United States since 1886, argon now sold in more than two hundred countries. Along with coca-Cola, the association markets nonalcoholic reflect brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. It manufacture beverage concentrates and syrups, which the companionship sells to bottling and hatfulning operations, fountain whole salers and near fountain retailers, as sanitary as finished beverages, which the partnership sells to distributors.The ships order owns or licenses more than 450 brands, including viands and light beverages, waters, enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, and cypher and sports drinks. The social club is one of numerous competitors in the commercial beverages market. Of the nearly 53 million beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide all day, beverages bearing trademarks owned by or licensed to the troupe account for approximately 1. 5 billion. 1The grounds we chose this connection is beca utilise it has immense market mete out in countries around the world.In order to expand its market sh be, The Coca-Cola association cooperated with the study fast victuals chain family. Today, The Coca-Cola telephoner set about a well known and globalization company. We postulate to know how it drop be sustain qualification and venerability company in the world. From its reports, we in like manner found start it has tremendous benefit from its advertising. In this paper, we byplay that how the attendees build a computable study purpose in such king-sized company and such complex business. II. Ch1 intellectual of the knob There are v major reasons that we consider to accept The Coca Cola political party to be appear thickening. 2 Management Integrity Based upon assertions of everyplacesight ranging from the existence of an element in the fiscal didacticss to disclo authorizeds of information regarding that element, we examines The Coca Cola Company fiscal statements that are no answerable practitioner would knowingly place trust on assertions of a lymph nodes attention which had apocryphal integrity. Relationships with separate Professionals We pull up stakes fol confused gear the GAAS prerequisite to communicate with the forerunner tender forward to committing to go forth visit services to The Coca Cola Company.Matters of chase include the flavors issued by the predecessor attender, resignation of the former attendee or the refusal to stand for reelection, disagreements between the prior attendee and vigilance regarding explanation principles or canvassing occasions and any opinion shopping issues. research of other(a)wise professionals having dealings with the thickening should, however, non be limited to the predecessor auditors. Furthermore, we go forth ask bankers, lawyers, and other professionals can hand all over important valuable information more or less The Coca Cola Company and its worry. guess of Association The Coca Cola Company engaged in legitimate business activities that do not violate the laws of the legal power where the company is headquartered or carries on its business. afterward review articleing its financial statement, we cerebrated that its financial is stability and liquidity. technological Competence The auditors who leave exercise the auditing are well adroit due to the complexities of the innovational business world. And also, the auditors ingest the necessary skilful competence to perform the required pasture or essay potential financial obligation or damage to reputation.Professional Fees Audit fees charged to The Coca Cola Company will base on proportionate with the perils to the providing the services requested. The fees will cover adequately the cost of the services caterd. III. Ch2 Obtaining an unders tanding of the entity and its purlieu In the 21st century, the beverage diligence has been become one of the fastest ontogeny industries and the competition in this industry become strongly. Even in this market address campaign, The Coca Cola Company hitherto remains its leader position in the beverage industry.The Coca-Cola Company and six of their largest bottling partners positive a strategy for sustainability in 2002. That plan porees on the role and impact of the Coca-Cola agreement in four key areas workplace, marketplace, environment and community. Furthermore, The Coca-Cola Company uses this strategy to guide the betterment to sustainability issues and to report the progress. 3 In last form, when carve up of companies in the industry are deprivation down, The Coca-Cola Company still delivering consistent performance.For its home(a) cut back, the company follows the independent and experience essential of NYSE and SEC for many age. And the audit committee has been composed entirely of non-management directors. 4 IV. Ch3 Preliminary Engagement Activities Every member in our audit team is well trained and performs follow by the conduct of AICPA and SEC. Regarding to the honest and independence matter, we has three major requirements. 1. Our auditor deport to sign the contract to sterilise true that he/she will not take a position in the The Coca-Cola Company in two geezerhood 2.We will not hire the auditor who uses to work in The Coca-Cola Company. 3. We required the auditor to report to the partner who has special human relationship with the The Coca-Cola Company. V. Ch4 seek and Establish corporeality The Coca-Cola Company is a globalization company it governances divers(a) issues. For example, Obesity concerns, water scarcity and slimy quality, increased competition, and evolving consumer preferences are risks having the potential to confuse a temporal adverse resultant on our client.To be an auditor, we prise clients RM M (risk of material misstatement) with understanding the client entity and industry. ulteriorly audit risk is set, we go further to quantifyes infixed and control (environment) risks. In addition, assessing clients intact and control risks which can influence the level of catching risk directly. Base on the case, we sacrifice an assumption in order to fight down the audit risk. The following table shows numerical and non-numerical example of audit risk. Audit Risk RMM DR IR CR 5% 50% 20% 50% low hold in low moderate Audit risk on most engagements is much abase than 5%. 5According to conservative assumptions that we decide inherent risk is assessed at moderate (50%). The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational company, so thither are not only very much of accounts due which come from unalike branches in the world, but also lots of inventories which were do or stored in different factories and warehouses in the world. As the reasons above, The Coca-Cola Company white thorn casing some risks, such as is there reason to believe that receivables include significant balances in outside currencies?Is there reason to believe that the existence of the accounts receivables which generate from different abroad branch companies or subsidiaries? are there significant foreign up-to- durationness inventories balance? ar manufactured inventories transferred between locations, divisions, or subsidiaries within a consoli heard entity? Are there material-inventories owned by the client but held by others (e. g. , on consignment with customers)? Therefore, we should assess the inherent risk in moderate level.On the terms of our experience, after we read the predecessor auditors report and our clients past annual report. We presumed that our client has well subjective control so that we can assess the control risk in low level. Overall, in order to sustain the audit risk in low level, we decided our detection risk in moderate level. Besides, in our clien ts industry there are some companies that try to inflate their revenue and assets so in our audit we will focus on run cycle.In other words, we will put emphasis on auditing accounts receivable and inventory to bring about confident(predicate) there are no major method of business relationship schemes or fraud that will mislead the toastation of financial statements. Materiality Materiality includes some(prenominal) the nature of the misstatement, as well as the dollar sign marrow of misstatement, and must be judged in sizeableness by financial statement users. 6 In our engagement, we will use the nature and dollar amount to decide what materially is for our client as the follow chart. Account Accounts receivable roll Materiality Nature 1. blob revenue in wrong catamenia 1. Easy to thief 2. The existence of the A/R 2.Hard to count the decision balance 3. Risk of foreign gold ex lurch Dollar amount In our steadfastlys polity, in manufacture industry we adopt the 10% of give the axe income afterThe same as remaining column. tax to decide the materiality. For example, the gelt income 2007 reproduce 10% $5,981M*10%=600M VI. Ch5 Consider inwrought curtail 1. Define inside Control According to the COSOs definition of sexual control, a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management, and other personnel intentional to provide reasonable authority regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories (1) reliability of financial account, (2) compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and (3) effectiveness and might of operations. 7 2. Identify some controls that would be germane(predicate) to the audit. Account Accounts receivable declination-taking Control Authority Inquire about commendation procedure for brisk customers (Valuation) When shipping the Inventory to vendor or supplier, the From a universe of approved gross gross sales orders (and returns), select aware houseman should get the proper agency shipping adjudicate and examine documents for recite of trust check document. (Valuation) clench trick out daily specie summary (copy to A/R and Accounting) Observe physical controls over inventory. separationism of duty Mailroom & cashier Segregation of duty Warehouse & Shipping save holding Trace a sample of shipping documents (selection from pre-numbered The perpetual records should reconcile to the normal shipping documents) to sales invoice, sales journal, and A/R ledger. master file (Completeness) The balancing of Inventory and the Lower or market Match remittance advices and check set summary price valuation should be review by proper accounting manager or management. 3. Discuss the components of Internal Control Control environment subsequently we understand the internal control procedure and insurance, we ensure that our client has ideal control procedure, high ethical standard, and monitoring processes. Risk legal opinion Risk exist in the oversea marketplace (in failures to merge mainland China companies) In failures to accurately record and report financial information. Control activities Authority Custody Segregation of duty Recording keeping Information and Communication Our client has good information and communication function including initiating, authorizing, recording, processing, and account entity transactions, conditions, and events. Monitoring Our client use figurer accounting software and system to assess the quality of other transaction and working(a) controls over time. It includes the periodic assessment of both the design and operation of controls on a timely basis. 4. The elements involved in obtaining an understanding of Internal Control We should obtain an understanding of the five components of internal control fitting to A. Evaluating the design of relevant controls and determining whether they sustain been implemented. B. Assess the r isk of material misstatement. C. objective the nature, extent, and timing of further audit procedures. 5. gravel Control Risk We should assess the inherent risk in moderate level.On the basis of our experience, after we read the predecessor auditors report and our clients internal control procedures. We can presume that our client has well internal control so we can assess the control risk in low level. 6. Managements Responsibilities and the auditors responsibilities under Section 404. Managements The auditors Laws or standards Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ( for publicly traded Second standard of fieldwork companies) 2. PCAOB Auditing standardized No. (AS 5) Responsibilities In addition to certifying the companys financial Auditors must provide their opinion on the effectiveness of statements (Section 302), management must also report on clients internal control. the companys internal control over financial reporting (Section 404). (Chris Linsteadt, 2008 Audit fa mily Slides ch6) VII. Ch6 intention the Audit 1. Assess the lack for specialists In our case, we should hire some computer audit experts who can help our firm to make sure that our clients accounting system is sate and correct. 2. Assess the guess of illegal acts. Risk The possibility of illegal acts Is there reason to believe that the existence of the accounts There were some dodge transactions which were do by management or employees. receivables which generate from different oversea branch companies or If the sales go intot get proper credit authority, there will be long bad debt subsidiaries? expense in the forthcoming Are there material-inventories owned by the client but held by others The management whitethorn try to inflate the sales in the end of social class so he may try to (e. g. , on consignment with customers)? recognize consignment as sales revenue. The management may use consignment to control the companys ending inventory or COGS. Are manufacture d inventories transferred between locations, divisions,The management may use complicated cogitate troupe transaction to generate fake or subsidiaries within a amalgamated entity? sales or ending inventory. The employees may have chance to steal the coke recipe or inventories. 3. Identify related parties after(prenominal) we discussed with the management and checked the related party transactions, there is no material related party transaction in this engagement. 4. run preliminary analytical procedures. Accounts Receivable Inventory equate with industry rate to make sure our clients A/R derangement rate and Compare with industry rate to make sure our clients inventory turnover long time are reasonable. rate and days are reasonable. Compare our clients allowance for doubtful account policy with competitorsMake sure the qualifying in our clients inventories is reasonable without policy to make sure the bad debt expenses are reasonable estimated. material misstatem ent. Make sure the deviate in our clients A/R is reasonable without material misstatement. 5. Consider additional value added services. After we obtain and understand our clients internal control, we should detect our clients internal control. We can prepare a feedback report to our client and help our client to improve their internal control or accounting system. Besides, when our clients face some problems about new accounting standards, we could help our clients to train their accountants 6. Audit Plan and Audit program. Receivables Name of Client time period Estimated audit hours Audit procedures get and date by Working paper Ref. auditors 01. examine PROPRIETY OF REVENUE RECOGNITION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Receivables Validity, Cutoff 02. fix RECEIVABLES Validity, Completeness, Recording, and Cutoff Q04 No 03. strain THE ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS AND gravid DEBT EXPENSE Valuation 04. running play PRESENTATION OF RECEIVAB LES Presentation 05. try LATE CUTOFF OF gross revenue Cutoff Q01A gross revenue Invoices 06. analyse LATE CUTOFF OF gross revenue Cutoff Q01A Initial Records 07.ROLL-FORWARD TEST FOR RECEIVABLES TESTED forward TO class END Validity, Completeness, Recording, Cutoff 08. TEST RECEIVABLES TO posterior money RECEIPTS Validity, Completeness, Recording, Cutoff 09. TEST ALLOWANCES FOR SALES RETURNS AND DISCOUNTS Valuation 10. TEST PRESENTATION OF RELATED-PARTY RECEIVABLES Presentation 11.TEST military rating OF FOREIGN CURRENCY RECEIVABLES Valuation Reviewer Sign get wind 6. Audit Plan and Audit program. Inventory Name of Client effect Estimated audit hours Audit procedures Sign and date by Working paper Ref. auditors 01. refer AND TEST-COUNT INVENTORIES Validity, Completeness, Recording, Cutoff, Valuation 02. TEST THE FINAL INVENTORY compiling Validity, Completeness, Recording, and Cutoff 03. TEST MAR KET VALUATION militia Valuation 04. TEST PRESENTATION OF INVENTORY Presentation 05.TEST LATE CUTOFF OF INVENTORY PURCHASES Cutoff Q05A record Purchases 06. TEST EARLY CUTOFF OF debit NOTES Cutoff 07. TEST BOOK TO PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENTS Validity, Completeness, Recording 08. ROLL-FORWARD TEST FOR INVENTORIES PRICE TESTED PRIOR TO YEAR END Validity, Completeness, Recording, Cutoff 09.TEST ELIMINATION OF INTERCOMPANY pull in Valuation 10. TEST BALANCES DENOMINATED IN FOREIGN CURRENCIES Valuation 11. TEST PRESENTATION OF RELATED-PARTY BALANCES Presentation Reviewer Sign Date VIII. Ch7 Complete the Audit The auditors responsibilities during the completion stage of the audit ahead issuing the audit report, the auditor needs to 1.Perform a last-place review of the audit to be sure the financial statements are fairly presented and the audit certification supports the audit report 2. Assess the ability of the client to continue as a going concern, and 3. Make a final review of the auditors assessment of internal control based on evidence gathered and any material misstatements identified in the financial statement audit. In addition, we should get the management standard letter and letter of audit query to make sure there are no material contingent liabilities and events subsequent to the financial statements and keep communicating with the audit committee. The follow data are made by assumption Contingent Liabilities ensuant events Our client may lose the judicial proceeding about merger in oversea. It will cause a Note divine revelation huge loss for our client. On January8, 2009, our Company sold substantially all of our interest in Vonpar Refrescos S. A. (Vonpar), a bottler headquartered in Brazil. totality proceeds from the sale were approximately $238million, and we accepted a gain on this sale of approximately $71million.Prior to this sale, our Company owned approximately 49 parcel of Vo npars outstanding common spud and accounted for the investiture using the paleness method Our client is a multinational company so it may have the threat of expropriation of assets in a foreign country. Our client may get loss in the exceedingly competitive nonalcoholic beverages industry.If our client signs acquire and sale commitments with its supplier, it may get a huge loss in the future. Other important investments which will change our clients accounting principle akin as above. IX. Ch8 Evaluate results and issue an audit report Independent Auditors Report The instrument panel of Directors and short letterholders The Coca-Cola CompanyWe have audited the amalgamate balance sheets of the Coca-Cola Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of declination 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consoli go out statement of income, burgeon forthholders righteousness and cash flows for all(prenominal) of the years in the three-year period cease celestial lat itude 31, 2008. These consolidated financial statements are the duty of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements bases on our audits. We conducted our audits in conformation with the standards of the common Company Accounting inadvertency Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are vacate of material misstatement.An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements refereed to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Coca-Cola Company and subsidiaries as of celestial latitude 31, 2007 and 2008, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with accounting principles for the most part accepted in the United States of America.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated manikin issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission(COSO), and our report dated March 14, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Companys internal control over financial reporting. Lee &Cheng &Lin LLP Dallas, U. S. A. March 14, 2009 X. References The company description, market watch http//www. marketwatch. om/tools/quotes/profile. asp? symb=ko Deppe, Larry A. , Client espousal what to look for a nd why. (Tips for accountants on deciding which new clients to accept) (Cover Story), The CPA Journal , May 1992, strategic vision, The Coca Cola Company website 2008The proxy statement, The Coca Cola Company website, Chris, Linsteadt, 2008 Audit Class Slides Rittenberg, Schwieger, Johnstone. Auditing, A Business Risk Approach. Thomson&South-Western Publishing. 6th,2008 SEC register The Coca Cola Company website Retrieved from the arena Wide Web XI. Attachment (Financial tales) unite proportion canvass coca congeal cola CO 10-K 02/28/2008 ? counterpoise Sheet December 31, 2007. 00 2006. 0 (In millions except par value) ? ? ASSETS ? ? ? ? CURRENT ASSETS ? ? ? ? funds and cash equivalents $4,093 $2,440 marketable securities ? 215 ? 150 Trade accounts receivable, less allowances ? 3,317 ? 2,587 of $56 and $63, one by one Inventories ? 2,220 ? 1,641 Prepaid expenses and other assets ? 2,260 ? 1,623 tally CURRENT ASSETS ? 12,105 ? 8,441 INVESTMENTS ? ? ? ? Equity method investments ? ? ? ? Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. ? 1,637 ? 1,312 Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company S. A. ? 1,549 ? 1,251 Coca-Cola FEMSA, S. A. B. de C. V. ? 996 ? 835 Coca-Cola Amatil Limited ? 806 ? 817 Other, principally bottling companies ? 2,301 ? 2,095 and critical point ventures Cost method investments, principally ? 488 ? 473 bottling companies nub INVESTMENTS ? 7,777 ? 6,783 OTHER ASSETS ? 2,675 ? 2,701 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT shekels ? 8,493 ? 6,903 TRADEMARKS WITH enigmatic LIVES ? 5,153 ? 2,045 GOODWILL ? 4,256 ? 1,403 OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS ? 2,810 ? 1,687 total ASSETS $43,269 $29,963 LIABILITIES AND SHAREOWNERS fair-mindedness ? ? ? ? CURRENT LIABILITIES ? ? ? ? Accounts payable and increase expenses $6,915 $5,055 Loans and notes payable ? 5,919 ? 3,235 Current maturities of long-term debt ? 133 ? 33 Accrued income taxes ? 258 ? 567 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES ? 13, 225 ? 8,890 long DEBT ? 3,277 ? 1,314 OTHER LIABILITIES ? 3,133 ? 2,231 DEFERRED INCOME TAXES ? 1,890 ? 608 SHAREOWNERS lawfulness ? ? ? ? Common stock, $0. 25 par value Authorized 5,600 ? 880 ? 878 shares Issued 3,519 and 3,511 shares, respectively Capital surplus ? 7,378 ? 5,983 Reinvested earnings ? 36,235 ? 33,468 hoard other comprehensive income ? 626 ? (1,291) (loss) exchequer stock, at cost 1,201 and 1,193 ? ? shares, respectively TOTAL SHAREOWNERS EQUITY ? 21,744 ? 16,920 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREOWNERS EQUITY $43,269 $29,963 fused Income Statement COCA COLA CO 10-K 02/28/2008 ? Income Statement twelvemonth Ended December 31, 2007. 00 2006. 00 (In millions except per share data) ? ? NET run REVENUES $28,857 $24,088 Cost of goods sold ? 10,406 ? 8,164 GROSS bread ? 18,451 ? 15,924 Selling, general and administrative expenses ? 10,945 ? 9,431 Other direct charges ? 254 ? 185 operational INCOM E ? 7,252 ? 6,308 Interest income ? 236 ? 193 Interest expense ? 456 ? 220 Equity income net ? 668 ? 102 Other income (loss) net ? 173 ? 195 Gains on issuances of stock by equity method ? ? ? ? investees INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES ? 7,873 ? 6,578 Income taxes ? 1,892 ? 1,498 NET INCOME $5,981 $5,080 staple NET INCOME PER SHARE $2. 59 $2. 16 DILUTED NET INCOME PER SHARE $2. 57 $2. 16 AVERAGE SHARES outstanding ? 2,313 ? 2,348 cause of dilutive securities ? 18 ? 2 AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING ASSUMING DILUTION ? 2,331 ? 2,350 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows COCA COLA CO 10-K 02/28/2008 ? Cash Flows ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Year Ended December 31, 2007. 00 2006. 00 (In millions) ? ? ? OPERATING ACTIVITIES ? ? ? ? last income $5,981 $5,080 Depreciation and amortization ? 1,163 ? 938 Stock-based recompense expense ? 313 ? 324 Deferred income taxes ? 109 ? (35) Equity income or loss, net of dividends ? (452) ? 124 Foreign currency adjustments ? 9 ? 52 Gains on issuances of stock by equity investees ? ? ? ? Gains on sales of assets, including bottling ? (244) ? (303) interests Other operating charges ? 166 ? 159 Other items ? 99 ? 233 final change in operating assets and liabilities ? 6 ? (615) clear up cash provided by operating activities ? 7,150 ? 5,957 investment funds ACTIVITIES ? ? ? ? Acquisitions and investments, principally ? (5,653) ? (901) beverage and bottling companies Purchases of other investments ? (99) ? (82) continue from disposals of other investments ? 448 ? 640 Purchases of property, plant and equipment ? (1,648) ? (1,407) Proceeds from disposals of property, plant ? 239 ? 112 and equipment Other investing activities ? (6) ? (62) dismiss cash used in investing activities ? (6,719) ? (1,700) pay ACTIVITIES ? ? ? ? Issuances of debt ? 9,979 ? 617 Payments of debt ? (5,638) ? (2,021) Issuances of stock ? 1,619 ? 148 Purch ases of stock for treasury ? (1,838) ? (2,416) Dividends ? (3,149) ? (2,911) Net cash provided by (used in) financing ? 973 ? (6,583) activities power OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON bullion ? 249 ? 65 AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS ? ? ? ? Net increase (decrease) during the year ? 1,653 ? (2,261) counterweight at source of year ? 2,440 ? 4,701 rest at end of year $4,093 $2,440 Consolidated Statements of Shareowners Equity COCA COLA CO 10-K 02/28/2008 ? CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREOWNERS146 EQUITY Year Ended December 31, 2007. 00 2006. 00 (In millions except per share data) ? ? ? NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING ? ? ? ? oddment at rootage of year ? 2,318 ? 2,369 Stock issued to employees example stock ? 8 ? 4 options Purchases of stock for treasury 1 ? (35) ? (55) Treasury stock issued to employees exercising ? 23 ? ? stock options Treasury stock issued to former shareholders ? 4 ? ? of glaceau sense of equilibrium at end of year ? 2,318 ? 2,318 COMMON STOCK ? ? ? ? residue at beginning of year $878 $877 Stock issued to employees exercising stock ? 2 ? 1 options Balance at end of year ? 880 ? 878 keen SURPLUS ? ? ? ? Balance at beginning of year ? 5,983 ? 5,492 Stock issued to employees exercising stock ? 1,001 ? 164 options Tax (charge) benefit from employees stock ? (28) ? 3 option and restricted stock plans Stock-based payment ? 309 ? 324 Stock purchased by former shareholders ? 113 ? ? of glaceau Balance at end of year ? 7,378 ? 5,983 REINVESTED dough ? ? ? ? Balance at beginning of year ? 33,468 ? 31,299 version for the cumulative effect on ? (65) ? ? prior years of the adoption of recital No. 48 Net income ? 5,981 ? 5,080 Dividends (per share $1. 36, $1. 24 and $1. 12 ? (3,149) ? (2,911) in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively) Balance at end of year ? 36,235 ? 33,468 hive away OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ? ? ? ? (LOSS) Balance at beginning of year ? (1,291) ? (1,669) Net foreign currency translation adjustment ? 1,575 ? 603 Net gain (loss) on derivatives ? (64) ? (26) Net change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale ? 14 ? 43 securities Net change in pension liability ? 392 ? ? Net change in pension liability, prior ? ? ? 46 to adoption of SFAS No. 58 Net other comprehensive income adjustments ? 1,917 ? 666 Adjustment to initially apply SFAS No. 158 ? ? ? (288) Balance at end of year ? 626 ? (1,291) treasury STOCK ? ? ? ? Balance at beginning of year ? (22,118) ? (19,644) Stock issued to employees exercising stock ? 428 ? ? options Stock purchased by former shareholders ? 66 ? ? of glaceau Purchases of treasury stock ? (1,751) ? (2,474) Balance at end of year ? (23,375) ? (22,118) TOTAL SHAREOWNERS EQUITY $21,744 $16,920 COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ? ? ? ? Net income $5,981 $5,080 Net other comprehensive income adjustments ? 1,917 ? 666 TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME $7,898 $5,746 8 1 http//www. marketwatch. com/tools/quotes/profile. asp? symb=ko 2 http//www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/old/12543349. htm 3 http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/citizenship/strategic_vision. hypertext markup language 4 http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/proxies. html 5 Rittenberg, Schwieger, Johnstone, p105 6 Rittenberg, Schwieger, Johnstone, p101 7 Chris, Linsteadt, 2008 Audit Class Slides Ch6 8 http//ir. thecoca-colacompany. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=94566&p=irol-sec&se