Living in George Orwells 1984-Today Essay example -- George Orwell 19

Living in George Orwell's 1984-Today George Orwell's horrendous yet prophetic vision of the future in his novel, 1984 has come and gone. In this nightmarish novel, Oceania, where the story takes place, is the perfect depiction of "Negative Utopia" in which the government is in total control of their citizens. They control every aspect of their life. From the smallest things as the clothes their citizen wore on a daily basis to the person they were allowed to marry to their thoughts. Freedom of choice and thought was unquestionable and was not allowed and anything or anyone that went against this principle or resisted oppression was completely suppressed themselves. Now, under our current government there are a lot of similarities between the haunting novel of the "Negative Utopia" which George Orwell portrays in 1984 and ours. Many tactics which were used in 1984 by the Party and which are being used today in American by our current government are psychological manipulation of people, physical torture and the shaping o f human thought through language. In reality, democracy or true democracy has never existed in the United States of America. If we look back in time and read the creation of this nation in our history books, our founding fathers were the better off people during their time when talking about money. They were the only few that met the profile, which they created, that allowed a person to run for office; in essence, you had to be a white adult male (at least giving the fact that the youngest "freedom fighter" was 26 years of age) and owned your land (which meant wealth in that era). If the United States was truly established as a democracy, why did only a few white male who were the powerful ones during that... ...t and radio host in Austin, Texas. Barnes, Fred. "A War without Heroes? Only if you're Reading the Mainstream Media." Weekly Standard. 26 December 2005: Volume 011, Issue 15(1) http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/496eeymx.asp">http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/496eeymx.asp "Pat Tillman." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 20:56, 5 May 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tillman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tillman Nichols, John. The "Plane Crash" of Senator Wellstone. 2002. 8 May 2006. http://www.oilempire.us/wellstone.html">http://www.oilempire.us/wellstone.html Guantà ¡namo: Lives torn apart - The impact of indefinite detention on detainees and their families. 2006. 8 May 2006. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510072006">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510072006

The Benefits and Costs of Two or More Countries Sharing a Common Currency

Examine the benefits and costs of two or more countries sharing a common currency, and comment on the impact of the ‘one size fits all’ monetary policy of the Eurozone. Normally, the accumulation of a set of countries accepting a specific common currency is known as a monetary union. This involves the countries becoming part of the same trading bloc and accepting free trade policies between the member countries. Since the focus of the question is centrally revolved around the monetary union, the other aspects of the union will not be considered in detail. Naturally, the prime example to use when discussing the use of a common currency is the European Monetary Union. Launched on January 1st 1999, the union boasts a 16 country agreement to use the same currency- the euro. For countries to merge by a single currency requires the merging countries to meet certain criteria. This obviously brings both benefits and costs to the table. Benefits are associated with higher stability of the union as only those countries that meet the minimum requirements can join. This allows the union to ensure that the countries that join add something to the union and add value to the currency. For example, conditions in the European Monetary Union state entrant countries must have interest rates within 2% of the 3 lowest interest rate countries in the EMU and also have inflation within 1. 5%. This is important because if we take a scenario where the inflation rate is excessively high in a country, then this will affect the value of the currency by devaluing it. This devaluation has clear knock on effects as the devaluation will cause the cost of imports to rise. Domestic consumers will also shy away from domestic consumption as they see the high prices and so they will shift their consumption on consumer durables from other countries. Exports would be heavily affected by this scenario as the foreign countries would see the high prices associated with the importing of the goods and shift their interest into consumption from countries with lower relative price levels. Not only does the high inflation associated with the currency affect consumption but also investment. The unstable level of inflation will deter foreign direct investment and also reduce the net domestic investment as the returns to the investment would have a high risk associated. So obviously having specific criteria that member countries must meet help to ensure stability in the union. The negative associated with having these criteria is the one size fits all policy which will be discussed later. There are many costs and benefits associated with having the same currency. There is a key advantage to consumers and residents in the country of having the same currency. The transaction costs associated with exchanging the currencies is eliminated. This means that if domestic consumers were to travel abroad to countries within the monetary union, the identical currency would enable them to spend abroad without the need to swap currencies. This advantage is more of a social benefit as this would reduce stress to the consumer. This is because the consumer would not be worrying about if their money would arrive on time. Also the excess commission associated with changing the currencies is eliminated. Although again this commission only represents a small amount of GDP the advantage is again a social benefit as the consumer escapes the hassle associated with the exchange of the currency- often quite a stressful factor when planning to travel. There is also a benefit associated with price transparency where if the same good is sold in many of the countries in the monetary union, then it is easy for the consumer to compare prices. This should reduce price discrimination and increase competition. This is a healthy scenario for the consumer as they would benefit from price competition- often the price of the good or service falls. Despite this potential benefit there is evidence that this is not the case and that price differentiation exists- an example being price differences within member countries in the EU. The same currency and stability associated with the monetary union encourages transnational companies to invest. This is because there would multiple countries across the zone to invest in and get returns from as they all follow the same currency and would all be under the same central control. This may help the multi-national countries achieve greater economies of scale as there would be easier trading and investment capabilities across the zone. This would lower average costs for firms and increase the relative GDP in the zone. This would increase economic growth. Therefore having the same currency enables economic growth in a country through increased business confidence as there is increased stability. The drawbacks of using the same currency are also quite evident. The main and key drawback is the ‘one size fits all’ policy. Here the monetary policy is controlled by the central bank. Countries have no ability to set the interest rates in the country. This can be disastrous in a country with low consumption or investment levels. This is because if the central bank placed high interest rates on countries within the union, consumption would be further detracted, leading to a drop in economic growth. Therefore the loss of individual control is a major factor that needs to be considered before becoming part of the same currency. There can also be a case where the central bank will set interest rates that accommodate the larger, higher productive countries in the union. This will mean the smaller countries will grow at a slower rate and potentially lead to greater inequality. The one size fits all policy may mean that the union becomes less flexible and therefore the policies can place constraints on economic growth for countries. This can cause inefficiency as the production will not be at optimum potential and will limit countries. Another huge drawback is the effective exchange rate differences would be eliminated. For example, during the economic boom of the early 2000’s, England had a very strong exchange rate compared to the other European countries. This enabled cheap imports for the country, increasing domestic consumer welfare. By switching to the euro, the imports would not have been cheaper and would have left consumers with a drop in welfare as they would not have been gaining through a stronger exchange rate. Overall the costs of switching to the same currency have its drawbacks outweighing its benefits. This is especially the case for the one size fits all policy as this is the policy that loses the country its individuality and means the country loses control of its monetary policy.

Investigating the Volume of a Drop Essay

Criteria: – Planning (a) – Planning (b) – Data Collection – Data Processing and Presentation – Conclusion and evaluation Laura Hu Lab Partner: Tu Tai Kuong Started January 20, 07 Completed January 27, 07 5 pages + raw data Planning (a) and (b) Objective: To accurately measure the volume of a drop of water and saturated salt water under two set temperatures. Hypothesis: Since the mass of a substance changes as the temperature changes, we believe that the volume of a liquid would change as temperature changes. This is because we know that density is equal to mass divided by volume. Density is different depending on its temperature and mass is constant. Therefore, with a difference in temperature, there will be a difference in volume. The second thing we predict is that salt water will have a smaller volume per drop than water. This is because the density of salt water and the mass of salt water will be greater than normal water due to the added salt in the water. This will make it heavier than regular water.. Independent Variables: Forces affecting the drop as it is about to come down (gravity and shaking of hand) Where to drop lands (may land on the sides of the beaker, making the drop stick to the sides instead of dropping to the bottom) Water evaporation Atmospheric pressure Dropping device type (diameter of the place where the drop will come out) Height from which the droplet will be dropped (prevent splashing) Saturation of salt water Number of drops that will be tested Loss or increase in heat while conducting the experiment Dependent Variables: Temperature of the liquids The type of liquid Materials: 2 Eye Droppers 2 Thermometers 2 Graduated cylinders (0.5ml increments) Microwave Refrigerator (set at 1 degree Celsius) Paper towels Saturated salt water (table salt dissolved into water at room temperature until it cannot dissolve anymore) Nestle Pure Life natural spring water (bottled water) 4 Styrofoam cups 1 Procedures: 1. Prepare a data table with columns named â€Å"Start volume†, â€Å"End Volume†, â€Å"Difference† and â€Å"Volume per drop†. Example: Start volume End Volume Difference Volume per drop 2. Put bottled water two Styrofoam cups. Take one of the cups and add table salt in it. Mix it until the salt will not dissolve any longer. Put both cups in the fridge. Set the fridge to 1 degree Celsius. Leave them there overnight. 3. The next day, take out the salt water and mix it again to make sure it is saturated. Put the Styrofoam cup containing the salt water into a second Styrofoam cup. 4. Take an eye dropper, fill the eye dropper with salt water 5. Take the graduated cylinder and position it so that the end of the eyedropper is 2cm from the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Record the start volume of the liquid inside the cylinder (0 cm in this case). 6. Slowly drop 10 drops into the cylinder, maintaining a 1 cm distance between the liquid and the end of the eyedropper. Record the volume. Dispose of the remaining water inside the dropper. Fill the dropper again with salt water. Drop 10 drops into the cylinder. Make sure to carefully count every drop! Record the end volumes. 7. Repeat step 5 five times. 8. Clean out the graduated cylinder using tap water, and use paper towels to dry it clean. 9. Put the salt water back into the fridge. 10. Take out the cold water (from the fridge), put it in another Styrofoam cup and repeat what you did in step 5-8. 11. Put the water in the microwave and heat it at high power for 1 minute. 12. Take it out, stir the water, measure the temperature (and write it down) and use the water to do steps 5-8 again. 13. Take the salt water out, microwave it at high power for 1 minute. 14. Repeat what you did in step 12 for the salt water. 15. Clean everything up. Data Collection Attached to the back of the lab. 2 Data Processing and Presentation Difference = End volume – start volume Ex. End volume = 2.11ml, start volume = 2.00ml 2.11ml – 2.00ml = 0.11 ml = difference Volume per drop = Difference / 10 Ex. Difference = 0.11ml 0.11ml/10 = 0.011ml = Volume per drop Cold bottled water at 0.5+ 0.02 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00ml 2.11ml 0.11ml 0.011 ml 2.11 ml 2.29 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml 2.29 ml 2.49 ml 0.20 ml 0.020 ml 2.61 ml 2.80 ml 0.19 ml 0.019 ml 2.80 ml 2.98 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml Average volume per drop: (0.011+0.018+0.020+0.018) / 5 = 0.0134ml Rounded: 0.013 ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.011ml to 0.015ml Cold saturated salt water at 0.5 + 0.02 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.12 ml 0.12 ml 0.012 ml 2.12 ml 2.30 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml 2.30 ml 2.41 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml 2.41 ml 2.60 ml 0.19 ml 0.019 ml 2.60 ml 2.71 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml Average volume per drop: (0.012+0.018+0.011+0.019+0.011) / 5 = 0.0142 ml Rounded: 0.014 ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016ml Warm bottled water at 38 + 0.5 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.11 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml 2.10 ml 2.30 ml 0.20 ml 0.020 ml 2.30 ml 2.45 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.45 ml 2.60 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.60 ml 2.81 ml 0.21 ml 0.015 ml Average volume per drop: (0.011+0.020+0.015+0.015+0.015) / 5 = 0.0152 ml 3 Rounded: 0.015ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.013ml to 0.017ml Warm saturated salt water at 38 + 0.5 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.10 ml 0.10 ml 0.010 ml 2.10 ml 2.31 ml 0.21 ml 0.021 ml 2.21 ml 2.34 ml 0.13 ml 0.013 ml 2.34 ml 2.49 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.60 ml 2.71 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml Average volume per drop: (0.010+0.021+0.013+0.015+0.011) / 5 = 0.014ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016ml Conclusion and Evaluation Our experiment tested two variables (the type of liquid and the temperature) and how they affected the volume of a drop. From our experiment, there is a slight difference between the volume of bottled water and the volume of salt water, so therefore it proves that the volume of a drop is dependant on the type of liquid we use. I also hypothesized that salt water would contain a smaller volume per drop than bottled water. This hypothesis was disproved in the experiment. We found that the volume of a drop of bottled water at 0.5 degrees Celsius is 0.01ml less than the volume of a drop of saturated salt water at 0.5 degrees Celsius. For our experiment, we couldn’t prove that temperature affected the temperature affects the volume of a liquid because the volume of a drop of our bottled water increased by 0.02ml while the volume of a drop of warm saturated salt water remained exactly the same. Quite unexpectantly, we discovered that a drop of bottled water is greater in volume than a drop of salt water after they’re heated up to 38 degrees Celsius. All our data, however is only true IF we disregard the series of lab errors that may have altered the results. Here is the list of lab errors: Lab Errors: 1. Every drop that comes out of the eyedropper is a result of gravity pulling the drop of water out of the eyedropper opening. Because the force of gravity is constant, we can assume that every drop has the same volume, unless there was another force involved. This other force is the shaking of the hand holding the eyedropper. To prevent this, we first planned to tape the eyedropper to a ring stand. This way it would stay motionless so that no other force except gravity would act on every individual drop. Unfortunately, the eyedropper was not long enough to reach far enough into the graduated cylinder, therefore we held the eye dropped ourselves while dropping the liquids. For this reason, the shaking of our hand may have affected the results of our data. 4 2. To prevent liquids from splashing onto the sides of the graduated cylinder, we decided to make every drop 1 cm above the liquid inside the cylinder. This would prevent each drop from making the water splash too much. 3. Since we couldn’t use the ring stand, the drops may have gotten stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder because we couldn’t guarantee that the eyedropper was held vertically over the water. Even if we did make sure it was vertically straight, our hands might have shook, flinging the drop so that it would hit the side. 4. Water evaporation may have occurred when we were performing the lab, so before recording the data for 10 drops, there may have been a little bit of water that had evaporated so each drop is actually slightly bigger than what we had recorded. 5. We are not 100 percent sure that we counted the correct number of drops because there seems to be a few trials that had an unusually large volume compared to the other trials. This may have also been because the water stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder came down and added to the volume of one trial. 6. Since the graduated cylinder we used only went up in 0.5ml increments, we had to estimate the 0.01ml values. Our data may be off by 0.01 or 0.02ml (thus a + 0.02ml error). 7. Atmospheric pressure affects the results slightly. This is something we cannot control, however we did the entire in a short period of time, so the atmospheric pressure should have been somewhat the same during that period of time. 8. We couldn’t make sure that NO heat would be lost or gained when we took the cold water from out of the fridge or when we took it out of the microwave. We insulated the water with 2 Styrofoam cups, but even that couldn’t make sure that no heat would be gained or lost. Also, water would lose or gain heat as we are dropping each drop, or when it is sitting in the graduated cylinder, waiting to be measured and recorded. For this reason, each drop may be a little bigger or smaller in volume than our recorded values. 9. We tried to control the saltiness of the salt water by making it saturated salt water. To do this, we put much more salt than is needed to saturate the water, into the container. We stirred until no more salt was dissolved, or so it seemed. We couldn’t be absolutely sure that the water was saturated because maybe the salt was just dissolving more slowly, but it was still being dissolved. 10. When we were heating up the water inside salt water, we still had a little bit of salt left on the bottom.. This may have caused a problem because when we wanted saturated water, we wanted it saturated at 0.5 degrees. After we heat the salt water, it wouldn’t be saturated anymore, so more salt would be able to be dissolved into the solution. This means that the salt water after getting heated was slightly saltier than before it was heated.

Coming of Age essays

Coming of Age essays Both Araby by James Joyce, and As Araby and John Updikes A The main character of Araby is a young boy just coming into his middle teens. He comes from a religious upbringing, lives in a quiet neighborhood and is extremely respectful of his elders. He loves to read, as is evident by his liking The Memoirs of Vidocq (Joyce 728) and enjoys cherished, passed down literature as its leaves (have become) yellow (pg. 728) over time. He is also a good student, except when his thoughts are occupied by his best friends sister who also lives in his neighborhood. He is infatuated with her Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance (pg. 729) but he is clearly shy because he makes it known that he did not know whether I would ever speak to her (pg. 729) Instead of approaching her, he watched her from our shadow peer up and down the street. Every morning I lay on the front parlous watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen (pg. 729). He is also very u! ncertain of his feelings and his confused adoration (pg. 729). Yet, he is very clear in his actions of being polite. He withstands the gossip of the tea-table (pg. 731). instead of leaving for the fair. He nicely asks his uncle to give him money to go to the bazaar and patiently waits until he is excuse...

Essay of To Build a Fire by Jack London essays

Essay of To Build a Fire by Jack London essays The first paragraph talks about the  ¡cold and gray ¡ place where the man was being. And the reason why the place becomes gray is no sun. The second paragraph is about a dark hair-line, the main trail of Yukon the man was walking. In both of these two paragraphs, we have the idea what kind of situation the man faces. For example, "there was a sharp, explosive crackle" when the man spat speculatively. That shows that the weather is so cold that even the spit becomes frozen as soon as exposed in the air. In the third paragraph, we can find that the man does not care about the cold weather. Although he is "quick and alert in the things of life" he lacks of imagination. In contrast with the man, the dog in the story is a symbol of the instinct for survival and alertness to prevent itself from danger. In the following paragraphs, the writer keeps using a lot of descriptions to narrate how cold the weather is and the man's ignorance and indifference about the nature. And he always follows reason and man's judgment. Therefore, he is not aware of men's fragility and too convinced of himself. We can see the difference between the man and the dog. He ignores the facts of dangers in such a cold place; maybe it ¡s because the man lacks of instincts that he may unconsciously know the meanings of the various facts he encounters. But the dog is totally different; it cannot tell precisely about the danger of such a cold weather, but it just knows that it has no good to travel in the cold weather, it ¡s better to stay in the cave and rest; it also know the risk of spring, the danger of staying to close to the fire, and it also knows to lick the ice in between its toes. When the first accident happens, the man curses his bad luck. The  ¡luck ¡ shows us it ¡s something humans cannot control; and another accident  ¡falling snow ¡ is also an action out of an individual ¡s control. There is no moral judgment on the man ¡s a...

Complex Hunters and Gatherers

Complex Hunters and Gatherers The term complex hunter-gatherers (CHG) is a fairly new term that attempts to correct some ill-conceived notions of how people in the past organized their lives. Anthropologists traditionally defined hunter-gatherers as human populations that lived (and live) in small groups and that are highly mobile, following and subsisting on the seasonal cycle of plants and animals. Key Takeaways: Complex Hunter-Gatherers (CHG) Like general hunter-gathers, complex hunter-gatherers do not practice agriculture or pastoralism.They can achieve the same levels of social complexity including technology, settlement practices, and social hierarchy as agricultural groups.As a result, some archaeologists believe agriculture should be seen as less a significant characteristic of complexity than others. In the 1970s, however, anthropologists and archaeologists realized that many groups who subsisted on hunting and gathering around the world did not fit the rigid stereotype into which they were put. For these societies, recognized in many parts of the world, anthropologists use the term â€Å"Complex Hunter-Gatherers.† In North America, the most well-known example is the prehistoric Northwest Coast groups on the North American continent. Why Complex? Complex hunter-gatherers, also known as affluent foragers, have a subsistence, economic and social organization far more â€Å"complex† and interdependent than generalized hunter-gatherers. The two types are similar: they base their economies without relying on domesticated plants and animals. Here are some of the differences: Mobility: Complex hunter-gatherers live in the same place for most of the year, or even for longer periods, in contrast to generalized hunter-gatherers who stay in one place for shorter periods and move around a lot.Economy: Complex hunter-gatherers subsistence involves a large amount of food storage, whereas simple hunter-gatherers usually consume their food as soon as they harvest it. For example, among Northwest Coast populations, storage involved both meat and fish desiccation as well as creating social bonds that allowed them to have access to resources from other environments.Households: Complex hunter-gatherers don’t live in small and mobile camps, but in long-term, organized households and villages. These are also clearly visible archaeologically. On the Northwest Coast, households were shared by 30 to 100 people.Resources: Complex hunter-gatherers do not harvest only what is available around them, they focus on gathering specific and very productive food products and combining them with other, secondary resources. For example, in the Northwest Coast subsistence was based on salmon, but also other fish and mollusks and in smaller amounts on the forest products. Furthermore, salmon processing through desiccation involved the work of many people at the same time. Technology: Both generalized and complex hunter-gatherers tend to have sophisticated tools. Complex hunter-gatherers don’t need to have light and portable objects, therefore they can invest more energy in larger and specialized tools to fish, hunt, harvest. Northwest Coast populations, for example, constructed large boats and canoes, nets, spears and harpoons, carving tools and desiccation devices.Population: In North America, complex hunter-gatherers had larger populations than small size agricultural villages. Northwest Coast had among the highest population rate of North America. Villages size spanned between 100 and more than 2000 people.Social hierarchy: complex hunter-gatherers had social hierarchies  and even inherited leadership roles. These positions included prestige, social status, and sometimes power. Northwest Coast populations had two social classes: slaves and free people. Free people were divided into chiefs and elite, a lower noble group, and commoners, who were free people with no titles and therefore with no access to leadership positions. Slaves were mostly war captives. Gender was also an important social category. Noble women had often high-rank status. Finally, social status was expressed through material and immaterial elements, such as luxury goods, jewels, rich textiles, but also feasts and ceremonies. Distinguishing Complexity The term complexity is a culturally weighted one: There are about a dozen characteristics that anthropologists and archaeologists use to measure or approximate the level of sophistication achieved by a given society in the past or the present. The more research people have undertaken, and the more enlightened they become, the fuzzier the categories grow, and the whole idea of measuring complexity has become challenging. One argument made by American archaeologist Jeanne Arnold and colleagues has been that one of those long-defined characteristics- the domestication of plants and animals- should no longer be the defining complexity, that complex hunter-gatherers can develop many more important indicators of complexity without agriculture. Instead, Arnold and her colleagues propose seven platforms of social dynamics to identify complexity: Agency and authoritySocial differentiationParticipation in communal eventsOrganization of productionLabor obligationsArticulation of ecology and subsistenceTerritoriality and ownership Selected Sources Ames, Kenneth M. The Northwest Coast: Complex Hunter-Gatherers, Ecology, and Social Evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 23.1 (1994): 209–29. Print.Ames Kenneth M. and Herbert D.G. Maschner. Peoples of the Northwest Coast. Their Archaeology and Prehistory. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999.Arnold, Jeanne E. Credit Where Credit Is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe. American Antiquity 72.2 (2007): 196-209. Print.Arnold, Jeanne E., et al. Entrenched Disbelief: Complex Hunter-Gatherers and the Case for Inclusive Cultural Evolutionary Thinking. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23.2 (2016): 448–99. Print.Buonasera, Tammy Y. More Than Acorns and Small Seeds: A Diachronic Analysis of Mortuary Associated Ground Stone from the South San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32.2 (2013): 190–211. Print.Killion, Thomas W. Nonagricultural Cultivation and Social Complexity. Current Anthropology 54.5 (2013): 596–606. Print.Maher, Lisa A., Tobias Richter, and Jay T. Stock. The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-Term Behavioral Trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21.2 (2012): 69–81. Print. Sassaman, Kenneth E. Complex Hunter-Gatherers in Evolution and History: A North American Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Research 12.3 (2004): 227–80. Print.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Communication - Essay Example 277 & 278). It is the objective of this report to recommend on the most effective approaches for conflict management. It would initially identify sources of intergroup conflict; prior to presenting the effects of conflict on groups. Finally, conflict resolution and prevention strategies would be expounded as recommendation for effective conflict management. The environment of the organization and the technology shape the nature of relationships among groups, as well as the extent of interdependence that is necessary. Environment and technology together primarily define the dimensions of intergroup relationships that could propagate tendencies for conflicts to occur. As emphasized, â€Å"the dimensions of intergroup relationships determine the frequency, intensity, and scope of conflict; where the dimensions include: (1) differences in goals; (2) task interdependence; (3) resource interdependence; (4) incentive and reward system; (5) task ambiguity; (6) differences in personal background and traits; and (7) differences in power and status† (Martires & Fule, 2004, pp. 284-289). As such, managers have the responsibility to evaluate the root causes of conflicts in the work setting; and be equipped with the knowledge to address and resolve these. If conflicts remain unresolved, chaos would naturally exist. Conflicts within members of a group or among departments would affect the performance and productivity of members; which in turn, would be detrimental in the achievement of organizational goals. Conflicts could cause a decline in productivity, absenteeism, miscommunication, low morale, and inability to achieve goals effectively. As such, conflicts are costly and could impair the generation of profits. To resolve conflicts, management must be aware of different conflict resolution strategies. The various ways to resolve conflicts include: (1) use of